Because of the Crusades, the Christian as well as the Islamic world had 360 degrees changes and negative long-term effects. Before the crusades most of Christians were pacifists and regard Jesus Christ as the Prince of peace; but due to the Crusades, Christians' posture about violence totally changed. From their perspective violence could be justified if it was used just in wars to defend their church and God's mandates. Although at first, the Crusades were used in order for Christian pilgrimages to access the Holy city of Jerusalem, which was something good because the Muslims had taken control over the city and didn't let them in. Later on, the Crusaders lost their original path and promoted religious warfare for two and half centuries committing pillaging, murder among other atrocities not only against Muslims but also against any other vulnerable minorities.
Crusades also helped to elevate the authority of the papacy as the authoritative spiritual and temporal power in Europe before the emergence of the nation-states. Nowadays, because of the way Crusades develop most Muslims regard them as cruel and savage onslaughts by European Christians.
Answer: D. construction and protection of roads that ensured safe and easy travel
Explanation:
Under Genghis Khan and his descendants, the Mongols conquered much of Asia and some of Eastern Europe such that they created the largest land empire ever seen.
Even though these Mongols could be brutal in conquest, they increased trade in the region by repairing the networks of roads that connected their conquered areas as well as constructing more. The protection they afforded these roads was renowned thus making travel easy.
The correct answer is <span>A. By approval of conventions in three-fourths of the states
The most common way is the third one, three-fourths of state legislatures and a supermajority of the congress approves it, however, only once the first method was used. It is a legitimate option outlined in the constitution. The congress can call for national conventions which can pass the amendment but this doesn't happen often.</span>
