To my knowledge it's B: Marxism. I hope this helped!
Answer:
Banks needed a source of emergency reserves to prevent the panics and resulting runs from driving them out of business. A particularly severe panic in 1907 resulted in bank runs that wreaked havoc on the fragile banking system and ultimately led Congress in 1913 to write the Federal Reserve Act.
He was talking about the political divide between Western and eastern europe. Eastern europe was mostly communist. Whereas, western europe was made up of democratic countries.
