Mitochondrial DNA (mtdna) recovered from a fossil hominin from sima de los huesos in northern spain shows connections to the mtdna of the Denisovans.
The Sima de los Huesos showed distinctive proof of DNA survival over an extended period of time. Based on the enzymatic amplification of a few short mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragments from Middle Pleistocene cave bear bones. Given that the Sima de los Huesos fossils have Neanderthal-derived characteristics (such as in their dental, mandibular, midfacial, supraorbital, and occipital morphology), it is unexpected that the mtDNA from these fossils has a common origin with Denisovan rather than Neanderthal mtDNAs.
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Answer:
Ventral
Explanation:
This is because when you want to dissect a pig, it's back is place on a dissecting tray and it's belly side is up which is the ventral side. With the ventral side, dissection will be easy and the major organs and systems can be observed easily as they will be rightly viewed because they are obvious and rightly placed at belly side up.
Answer:
Repair mechanism for base cleavage (BER)
Explanation:
Repair by base cleavage (BER)
The altered bases are specifically recognized by glycosylases and removed, generating an AP site. The hole is filled by a DNA polymerase that takes the healthy strand as a template. This system arises not only by exposure to external agents, but also by the cell's own activity.
In case of damage in more than one nucleotide, repair by nucleotide excision (NER) is performed.
Nucleotide excision repair (NER)
The damaged area is recognized by UvrA and B, then A and B separate and UvrC enters which forms a complex with endonuclease activity with B. This enzyme cuts the T-dimer and the gap is filled by a DNA polymerase. There is also the TC-NER system (transcription-coupled nucleotide repair system). The alteration of these mechanisms gives rise to diseases such as: Xeroderma pigmentosum, Trichotiodystrophy or Cockayne Syndrome
In general, the function of the excretory system is, removal of nitrogen waste products from the bloodstream and transport out of the body through urine. It maintains the balance of fluids and electrolytes, control of red blood cells, regulation of blood pressure and also the formation of red bone marrow.
In humans, the excretory system is responsible for removing waste from the body. Metabolic waste is being removed from the blood and an appropriate amount of water nutrients and water and salt are being retained.
In frogs, the excretory system consists of a pair of ureters, kidney pairs, cloaca, and urinary bladder. Frogs take in liquid waste from kidney which removes wastes and then the extra water becomes urine which then it is collected in the urinary bladder through ureters.
The urinary bladder is present in ventral to return then both open into the cloaca.
