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Church leaders, such as bishops and archbishops, had influential roles in medieval European monarchies and often served as advisers to a country’s king. The church also acted as a counter against monarchs who wanted absolute power, since there was one power the church had over them -- excommunication. An excommunicated king could face leadership challenges from both inside and outside his kingdom, without the condemnation of church leaders. A clear example of this is King John of England, who was excommunicated from the Catholic Church in the 13th century after a dispute with Pope Innocent III. After encountering numerous difficulties, including the threat of a papal-backed French invasion, John agreed to once again swear fealty to the pope.
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what do mean ??im confused .-
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The Black Codes were laws that were introduced in the Southern States restricting the freedom of black people (freedmen) and the right to own property, conduct business, buy and lease land, and move freely through public spaces such as Southern towns.
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The Nazi party stands for the National Socialist German Worker's Party. One of the main reasons for its rise was the hardship that the Treaty of Versailles caused Germany. Germans felt that the outcome of WWI was unfair and unjust, they wanted to return to the days of Bismarck- where Germany was a leading power.
