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The motion of an aircraft through the air can be explained and described by physical principals discovered over 300 years ago by Sir Isaac Newton. Newton worked in many areas of mathematics and physics. He developed the theories of gravitation in 1666, when he was only 23 years old. Some twenty years later, in 1686, he presented his three laws of motion in the "Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis." The laws are shown above, and the application of these laws to aerodynamics are given on separate slides.
Newton's first law states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force. This is normally taken as the definition of inertia. The key point here is that if there is no net force acting on an object (if all the external forces cancel each other out) then the object will maintain a constant velocity. If that velocity is zero, then the object remains at rest. If an external force is applied, the velocity will change because of the force.
The second law explains how the velocity of an object changes when it is subjected to an external force. The law defines a force to be equal to change in momentum (mass times velocity) per change in time. Newton also developed the calculus of mathematics, and the "changes" expressed in the second law are most accurately defined in differential forms. (Calculus can also be used to determine the velocity and location variations experienced by an object subjected to an external force.) For an object with a constant mass m, the second law states that the force F is the product of an object's mass and its acceleration a:
F = m * a
For an external applied force, the change in velocity depends on the mass of the object. A force will cause a change in velocity; and likewise, a change in velocity will generate a force. The equation works both ways.
Answer:
the soviet union started a slow process of democratization that contributed to the collapse.
<span>After its defeat in World War II, Germany was divided into 4 zones of occupation: 1) Russian (Soviet) Zone, 2) American Zone, 3) British Zone, and 4) French Zone. The city of Berlin, Germany's capital, was totally in the Russian Zone but was also divided into 4 occupation zones. So many people in the Soviet part of Berlin escaped to the free zones of Berlin that the Soviets built a barrier know as the Berlin Wall to stop them. The Russian Zone became known as East Germany and the other three zones became West Germany. This division persisted until the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 when the two divided parts of Germany re-united into the modern German state.</span>
