How many offspring do your animal products in one season? Giraffe

In this activity, you will write an article explaining, in everyday terminology, the process of protein synthesis. You will expl

Dmitriy789 [7]

Answer:

Take a moment to look at your hands. The bone, skin, and muscle you see are made up of cells. And each of those cells contains many millions of proteins^1

As a matter of fact, proteins are key molecular "building blocks" for every organism on Earth!

How are these proteins made in a cell? For starters, the instructions for making proteins are "written" in a cell’s DNA in the form of genes. If that idea is new to you, you may want to check out the section on DNA to RNA to protein (central dogma) before getting into the nitty-gritty of building proteins.

Basically, a gene is used to build a protein in a two-step process:

Step 1: transcription! Here, the DNA sequence of a gene is "rewritten" in the form of RNA. In eukaryotes like you and me, the RNA is processed (and often has a few bits snipped out of it) to make the final product, called a messenger RNA or mRNA.

Step 2: translation! In this stage, the mRNA is "decoded" to build a protein (or a chunk/subunit of a protein) that contains a specific series of amino acids. [What exactly is an "amino acid"?]

The central dogma of molecular biology states that information flows from DNA (genes) to mRNA through the process of transcription, and then to proteins through the process of translation.

_Image modified from "Central dogma of molecular biochemistry with enzymes," by Daniel Horspool (CC BY-SA 3.0). The modified image is licensed under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license._

In this article, we'll zoom in on translation, getting an overview of the process and the molecules that carry it out.

The genetic code

During translation, a cell “reads” the information in a messenger RNA (mRNA) and uses it to build a protein. Actually, to be a little more techical, an mRNA doesn’t always encode—provide instructions for—a whole protein. Instead, what we can confidently say is that it always encodes a polypeptide, or chain of amino acids.

[Wait, what is the difference?]

Genetic code table. Each three-letter sequence of mRNA nucleotides corresponds to a specific amino acid, or to a stop codon. UGA, UAA, and UAG are stop codons. AUG is the codon for methionine, and is also the start codon.

In an mRNA, the instructions for building a polypeptide are RNA nucleotides (As, Us, Cs, and Gs) read in groups of three. These groups of three are called codons.

There are 616161 codons for amino acids, and each of them is "read" to specify a certain amino acid out of the 202020 commonly found in proteins. One codon, AUG, specifies the amino acid methionine and also acts as a start codon to signal the start of protein construction.

There are three more codons that do not specify amino acids. These stop codons, UAA, UAG, and UGA, tell the cell when a polypeptide is complete. All together, this collection of codon-amino acid relationships is called the genetic code, because it lets cells “decode” an mRNA into a chain of amino acids.

Each mRNA contains a series of codons (nucleotide triplets) that each specifies an amino acid. The correspondence between mRNA codons and amino acids is called the genetic code.

5'

AUG - Methionine

ACG - Threonine

GAG - Glutamate

CUU - Leucine

CGG - Arginine

AGC - Serine

UAG - Stop

3'

To see how cells make proteins, let's divide translation into three stages: initiation (starting off), elongation (adding on to the protein chain), and termination (finishing up).

Getting started: Initiation

3 0

3 years ago

After Darwin proposed his ideas about natural selection as a mechanism for evolution, it took time before evolution was generall

sashaice [31]

politics tbfh but this answer has to be 20 characters sooooooooooooo

3 0

4 years ago

Read 2 more answers

classify if the recessive allele fibrosis is represented as c classify fibrosis is represented as c,classify the following genot

IrinaVladis [17]

Complete question:

If the recessive allele for cystic fibrosis is represented as c, classify the following genotypes as homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or carriers: CC,Cc, and cc. State which one has the phenotype of cystic fibrosis.

Answer:

CC - homozygous dominant

cc - homozygous recessive

Cc - carriers

cc will have the phenotype

Explanation:

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder that affects the production of mucus in the body, primarily affecting the lungs and digestive system.

Because it is autosomal recessive, an affected individual needs to inherit 2 copies of the faulty gene. The presence of just one normal copy of the gene is sufficient not to cause the disease

In genetics, the dominant allele is usually displayed as a capital letter and the recessive as a small letter. Homozygous means someone has 2 copies of the same allele, heterozygous means they have different alleles. Therefore, CC - homozygous dominant, cc - homozygous recessive, and Cc - carriers. Only those with a cc genotype will be affected, as the presence of one dominant allele is enough to block the phenotype

7 0

3 years ago

The disaster called the Cambrian explosion resulted in a tremendous mass extinction.

s344n2d4d5 [400]

False because the Cambrian Period was when most of the major groups of animals first appear in the fossil record.

5 0

3 years ago

What happens to an object when heat is added to it?

Fantom [35]

When heat is added to a substance, the molecules and atoms vibrate faster. As atoms vibrate faster, the space between atoms increases. The motion and spacing of the particles determines the state of matter of the substance. The end result of increased molecular motion is that the object expands and takes up more.

3 0

3 years ago