The answer is 'by not fulfilling expectations'. The other options don't really surprise the reader, and if the plot is going into one direction, and then what you'd expect to happen doesn't actually happen, you are surprised, and the element of irony is achieved.
The answer is D represent. The reason for this is because we use cultural symbols to represent a certain culture.
I believe that it is a metaphor because metaphors compare things without using the words like or as.
The answer is A. By dependent marker do you mean dependent clause?
