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Answer:
All results for the experimental groups involving wing surgery would be invalid.
Explanation:
The experimental group involving wing surgery would not lead to correct results because it is a direct parameter that is impaired. This has been already clearly stated in the question that these flies are prone to attack compared to those which are not treated. There could be several reasons for that such as: (1) the reattachment would not have been successful, and/or (2) the flies' health (fitness) status would have been compromised.
On the other hand, it is not correct that all experimental groups will lead to incorrect results because the untreated flies were not attacked (or less attacked). Similarly, there is no condition given for houseflies rather only zonosemata flies. So 3rd option is also not possible. Finally, the reliability of the results would definitely change because the treated flies would be more attacked and lead to a clear difference in results.
The answer is; burning unleaded gasoline
Unleaded gasoline does not reduce carbon emissions. The lead was added to fuel ideally for vehicles to reduce the knocking of engines. Lead in its chemical structure also increased fuel octane levels. When lead was discovered to be a neurotoxin, it was banned as an additive in fuel in most countries.
Within any ecosystem, there is a fixed amount of energy available for
organisms to use. since organisms usually produce more offspring than a
given
ecosystem can support, this causes competition. They compete over who will be the dominant one and who will be left to die.
B. .25 x 4 equals one. Which is that one day we add.