Monoclonal antibodies are made by the fusion of cells of the immune system with B lymphocytes and myeloma cells.
<h3>What is Hybridoma technology?</h3>
- It is one of the best technologies that is used to produce the monoclonal antibody.
- In this hybridoma technology the B lymphocytes that are antibody producing are isolated from a source after the immunization with a specific antigen and then are fused with myeloma cell line to form hybrid cells that are also called as hybridoma cell lines.
- The hybridoma cell lines are then cultured in the laboratory with specific antigen and then the monoclonal antibodies are produced.
- This can be done in in-vivo or in-vitro condition.
- This method is preferred over all because the production of antibodies by this method is good as the antibodies produced are of high purity and highly sensitive and specific.
- These cell lines can also be preserved for a long time.
- Hybridoma technology has resulted in production of different varieties of monoclonal antibodies with specificity with specific antigens as the monoclonal antibodies are produced by single parental B cells.
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Proteins are biological polymers constructed from amino acids joined together to form peptides. These peptide subunits may bond with other peptides to form more complex structures. Multiple types of chemical bonds hold proteins together and bind them to other molecules. Take a closer look at the chemical bonds responsible for protein structure.
To find the average number of cell cultured per area, you have to divide the total cell count with the total area. The cultured cells contains 7 x 10^5 cells count in 50 ml of medium area. The number would be: 7 x 10^5 cells / 50ml= 0.14x 10^5 cells /ml= 1.4 x 10^4 cells/ml
Answer:
Eukaryote and Prokaryote
Eukaryotes have a nucleus and prokaryotes don't
Out of the following given choices;
a) The amount of oxygen produced
b) The rate of ATP synthesis by ATP synthase in the chloroplast
c) The rate at which NADPH is produced
d) The rate at which the protons are transported into the thylakoid
The answer is; A
The photosystem captures energy from sunlight and uses it to split a water molecule. After splitting the water molecule (by taking an electron), the protein complex transports the electron to plastoquinone. The splitting of water molecules results in evolving of oxygen molecules. The hydrogen is what is used to reduce carbon dioxide to glucose.
