The answer is 'instinct'. This is innate complex behavior exhibited by an organism that is not learned. Some common examples are dogs shaking themselves dry when wet, honeybee communication via intricate dances, animal courtship behavior during mating season and the building of nests by birds.
Explanation:
Respiration in the mitochondria utilizes oxygen for the production of ATP in the Krebs’ or Citric acid cycle via the oxidization of pyruvate (through the process of glycolysis in the cytoplasm).
overall: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ≈38 ATP
Further Explanation:
In all eukaryotic cells, mitochondria are small cellular organelles bound by membranes, these make most of the chemical energy required for powering the biochemical reactions within the cell. This chemical energy is stored within the molecule ATP which is produced.
Oxidative phosphorylation follows; this is a process in which the NADH and FADH2 made in previous steps of respiration process give up electrons in the electron transport chain these are converted it to their previous forms, NADH+ and FAD. Electrons continue to move down the chain the energy they release is used in pumping protons out of the matrix of the mitochondria.
This forms a gradient where there is a differential in the number of protons on either side of the membrane the protons flow or re-enter the matrix through the enzyme ATP synthase, which makes the energy storage molecules of ATP from the reduction of ADP. At the end of the electron transport, three molecules of oxygen accept electrons and protons to form molecules of water...
- Glycolysis: occurs in the cytoplasm. 2 molecules of ATP are used to cleave glucose into 2 pyruvates, 4 ATP and 2 electron carrying NADH molecules. (2 ATP are utilized for a net ATP of 2)
- The Citric acid or Kreb's cycle: in the mitochondrial matrix- 6 molecules of CO2 are produced by combining oxygen and the carbon within pyruvate, 2 ATP oxygen molecules, 8 NADH and 2 FADH2.
- The electron transport chain, ETC: in the inner mitochondrial membrane, 34 ATP, electrons combine with H+ split from 10 NADH, 4 FADH2, renewing the number of electron acceptors and 3 oxygen; this forms 6 H2O, 10 NAD+, 4 FAD.
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The macronucleus is the larger elipse-shaped nucleus and takes care of
functions like respiration and digestion. In contrast to this, the
smaller micronucleus is only involved in cell division or reproduction.
Answer:
In in vitro plant tissue culture, indolbutyric acid and other auxins are used to initiate root formation in a procedure called micropropagation. The micropropagation of plants is an asexual propagation or propagation technique that is based on the organogenetic potential of plant cells, which consists of cultivating in vitro on appropriate substrates, isolated cells, portions of yolk meristems, vegetative apices at the beginning of their development or microstaquillas. Small samples of plants used are called explants. Auxins such as indolbutyric acid can be used to cause mass formation of undifferentiated cells called corns. Callus formation is often used as a first step in the micropropagation process since, by exposure to certain auxin hormones, callus cells can be induced to form other tissues such as roots.
Indolbutyric acid is often used to promote the rooting of stakes. In a study in Camellia sinensis, the effect of three different auxins, indolbutyric acid, indolacetic acid and 1-naphthalenacetic acid on root formation was measured. According to the authors, indolbutyric acid produced a higher root yield compared to other auxins.9 This effect of indolbutyric acid is consistent with that found in other studies; This hormone is considered the most commonly used auxin for root formation, 10 because it is much more potent than indolacetic acid and other synthetic auxins.7
Jatropha curcas is a species in which there is an improvement in the quality of the rooting of the stakes with the addition of indolbutyric acid in the middle (longer root length, number of roots, percentage of rooted stakes, and dry root weight) , 11 although not always the effect on rooting is statistically significant.
