Answer:
1) testable claims
2) What happens to us after we die? How did so much life appear on our planet when others seem devoid of any species at all? Who, if anyone, pulls the strings of our universe? Is it some all-powerful god in control or are there physical and mathematical principles driving the engine of our existence?
3) 
 
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
Option (D)
Explanation:
The entropy is usually defined as the measure of the total thermal energy of a system per unit temperature. This amount of energy is used in performing valuable work. In simple words, it can be said that entropy is related to the disorder or degree of randomness of a particular system. This entropy concept gives proper information regarding the direction along which natural change occurs and is frequently observed in many present-day events.
Thus, the correct answer is option (D).
 
        
             
        
        
        
I think it is the second answer, sorry if it is wrong/didn’t help.
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
In order for the sodium motive force to provide useful energy for the cell the organism must contain sodium ion gradient or potential across the membrane.
Explanation:
If the concentration of sodium is high in the inter membrane space than that of matrix then a sodium gradient is generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
     The transport of sodium ions from inter membrane space to matrix through the sodium ion channel result in the generation of sodium motive force,that is used to provide energy to the cell.