Besides geography, the major issue that would have made this impossible is that each "country" or state in South America was dominated by a different ruler, many of whom had fought of the Spanish--meaning that they would have never united under one title. Their cultures were also wildly different.
One of the main reasons why foreign interest in Persia and Saudi Arabia increased in the first half of the twentieth century was because of their massive amounts of oil reserves.
The development of orthodox christrianity
commercial and cultural devlopment
Jefferson believed that the Constitution was a "strict" document that clearly limited the powers of the federal government.
Answer:
1997?..........................