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The answer you are looking for is B).
Just as proteins consist of long chains of amino acids, DNA and RNA consists of nucleic acid chains called nucleotide's. Nucleotide's are composed of three units: base, sugar (monosaccharide) and phosphate. Bases are found in both DNA and RNA. As seen below, they are adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil.
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The correct answer is option Energy is lost at each trophic level.
In a Ecological pyramid, the energy is transferred from the producer to the consumer level. The ecological pyramid is triangular in structure, this is because the number of organism on each successive trophic level is less than the preceding one or the one below it.
The reason of this shape of ecological pyramid is on subsequent trophic level, the amount of energy transferred is only 10%. The rest of the energy is dissipated in the environment in the form of heat. As only 10% of total energy is transferred to the subsequent level, The amount of energy reaching to tertiary consumer is very less that it cannot meet the energy demand of next level.
Answer:
Molecular genetic approaches to the study of plant metabolism can be traced back to the isolation of the first cDNA encoding a plant enzyme (Bedbrook et al., 1980), the use of the Agrobacterium Ti plasmid to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells (Hernalsteens et al., 1980) and the establishment of routine plant transformation systems (Bevan, 1984; Horsch et al., 1985). It became possible to express foreign genes in plants and potentially to overexpress plant genes using cDNAs linked to strong promoters, with the aim of modifying metabolism. However, the discovery of the antisense phenomenon of plant gene silencing (van der Krol et al., 1988; Smith et al., 1988), and subsequently co‐suppression (Napoli et al., 1990; van der Krol et al., 1990), provided the most powerful and widely‐used methods for investigating the roles of specific enzymes in metabolism and plant growth. The antisense or co‐supression of gene expression, collectively known as post‐transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), has been particularly versatile and powerful in studies of plant metabolism. With such molecular tools in place, plant metabolism became accessible to investigation and manipulation through genetic modification and dramatic progress was made in subsequent years (Stitt and Sonnewald, 1995; Herbers and Sonnewald, 1996), particularly in studies of solanaceous species (Frommer and Sonnewald, 1995).
Protein expression refers to the way in which proteins are synthesized, modified and regulated in living organisms.
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