Germany hoped that by returning an anti-war socialist to Russia that they would undermine the Russian war effort.
1. Private Grants. Entire grant is owned by one or a few individuals as their private property. After meeting the conditions of the grant, the grantees could sell the entire grant (note that regarding sales of smaller parcels to be occupied by the purchaser, the custom of right of first refusal was often followed ).
2. Community Grants. Large tracts of land granted to a substantial number of people (usually from ten to one hundred. Both Mora grant and early version of Tierra Amarilla grant had seventy-six initial settlers ).
3. Hybrid or Quasi-Community Grants. Large tracts granted to one or few individuals with the requirement that the land be settled. Grantee induces a large group of settlers to move onto the grant and gives them each a small private lot for house and garden and grants them rights to use the remaining land for grazing, gathering fire wood, building materials, herbs, wild game, etc.
The main arguments of the reformers come from a free and personal interpretation of the Bible.
The Protestants noticed the excesses of Catholic traditions. Martin Luther (1483-1546) in Germany and Jean Calvin (1509-1564) in France rejected the authority of the Church, which defines itself as the sole interpreter of the divine faith.
The pillars of Protestantism are expressed by the solae:
- The Bible is the supreme authority.
- Salvation is obtained by faith alone
Salvation is not the result of effort or merit.
- Jesus is the only mediator between men and God (rejection of papal authority)
- God is the only one to worship.
Luther found among some German princes support and protection to divulge his ideas. They also harbored grudges against the pope and the high clergy. Luther undertook to translate the Bible into German and the Reformation spread among the German principalities.
In England, Henry VIII proclaims himself "Supreme Head of the Church and Clergy" and breaks all diplomatic relations with Rome. In this situation of weakness of the Catholic Church, the Reform is spreading in Europe
The invention of printing by Gutenberg in 1450 allowed the transmission of new ideas and knowledge not only among scholars, but also among traders and artisans. Printing is the vector that will allow the exchange of new ideas.
Answer: The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 was a huge catalyst in sending the nation to the Civil War. This act reversed the Missouri Compromise and allowed slavery in the remainder of the original areas of the Louisiana Purchase. The balance of power shifted in the government and across the land.
