Cytoskeletal filaments provide the basis for cell movement. For instance, cilia and (eukaryotic) flagella move as a result of microtubules sliding along each other. In fact, cross sections of these tail-like cellular extensions show organized arrays of microtubules.
The cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells is made of filamentous proteins, and it provides mechanical support to the cell and its cytoplasmic constituents. All cytoskeletons consist of three major classes of elements that differ in size and in protein composition.
Microtubules are the largest type of filament, with a diameter of about 25 nanometers (nm), and they are composed of a protein called tubulin. Actin filaments are the smallest type, with a diameter of only about 6 nm, and they are made of a protein called actin. Intermediate filaments, as their name suggests, are mid-sized, with a diameter of about 10 nm. Unlike actin filaments and microtubules, intermediate filaments are constructed from a number of different subunit proteins.
The cytoskeleton is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement.
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Coral reefs have a symbiotic relationship with algae. Because of human activity, the ocean is absorbing high levels of carbon dioxide, which causes an increase in ocean temperature. <span>Due to these unfavorable conditions, corals expel algae, leading to bleaching. If corals go too long without algae, the corals will die. </span>
Answer:
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, <u>2 </u>acetyl CoA enter the citric acid cycle.
Explanation:
<u>SYNTHESIS OF 2Acetyl CoA -:</u>
The glucose is transformed into 2pyruvate (6 carbon molecules are converted into 2 -3 carbon molecules) during glycolysis. In both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, glycolysis occurs frequently. This process takes place in the cytoplasm (it does not require oxygen or mitochondria), but if both oxygen and mitochondria are present, two molecules of pyruvate join mitochondria and prepare for citric acid cycle.
Until entering this, the molecules go through a mechanism known as the linked (connects glycolysis with citric acid cycle) reaction, in which the pyruvate molecule is transformed into 2 acetyl CoA (meaning 3 carbon molecules are converted into 2 carbon molecules) and a carbon molecule is released in the form of 
(waste product).
2NAD+ and NADH are synthesized in the linked reaction, implying that reducing power is produced. It means that electrons from pyruvate are released in the form of hydrogen, which 2NAD+ accepts and reduces to form 2 NADH.
→ 
→ 
<u>Linked reaction is also known as oxidative -dicarboxylation.</u>
Hence, 2 Acetyl CoA is required to enter citric acid cycle.
