He attacked on Christmas. Puritans in the New World did not celebrate Christmas, but the Hessians (German mercenaries used by the British) certainly did. So the Americans launched a surprise attack on the Germans who were...ahem...celebrating, to put it mildly
It benefited in numerous ways but mainly it and maybe most importantly it gave them the access to the China trade. The Pacific route was also Spain's exclusively for a certain period of time and there was also a great need for silver in China which was supplied by the Spaniards from their silver mines.
One of the effect of the interaction between China and Korea is Cultural Diffusion.
Currently, korean culture is a mixture of Japanese and Chinese cultures from their previous contact hundred years ago. You can see the similarties of culture and tradition between these three countries, whether from their traditional clothes, music instrument, writings, etc
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The gold rush brought many changes to California like: commercial boom, population increase, immigration into the union, new machinery, and transportation and agriculture.
Gunpowder was invented by the Chinese, so the answer to your only question is A: Chinese.
