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Art [367]
3 years ago
12

Each species has a specific identifying number of chromosomes. For example, a cat, felis catus, has 38 chromosomes, while corn,

zea mays, has 20 chromosomes each chromosome carries
Biology
1 answer:
tester [92]3 years ago
4 0

Answer:

Each species has a specific identifying number of chromosomes. For example, a cat, <em>Felis catus</em>, has 38 chromosomes, while corn, <em>Zea mays</em>, has 20 chromosomes each chromosome carries specific genes that are unique to that chromosome.

Explanation:

Chromosomes vary in shape and number among living beings. For example, the bacterial chromosome is a unique circular molecule, while human beings have 46 lineal chromosomes arranged in pairs (23 pairs). The total number of chromosomes is specific to each species, and it is denoted as the "chromosomic dotation" of the species.

Genes are the hereditable units that transmit the information needed to specify traits, from parents to offspring, generation to generation. Genes are arranged in sequence in the chromosomes. A chromosome might contain hundreds of thousands of genes.

Genes vary in size and shape.  They are composed of pairs of bases, and these sequences also vary in number, producing genes of different lengths. In general, genes code for proteins. Proteins create the organism tissues and perform or carry out specific functions in the organisms, controlling almost all processes and chemical reactions.

Each chromosome carries <u>specific</u> genes that code for <u>specific </u>proteins that have <u>specific</u> functions in the organisms. Each chromosome carries information to synthesize different proteins needed to accomplish a certain function. But <u>not all chromosomes carry the same gene sequences</u>. Only homologous chromosomes carry information for the same trait, but even this information is not necessarily the same. They might have the same gene but different alleles.

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1. Interphase is an important and the longest phase of the cell cycle during which the cell prepares for division by coping its DNA. It is metabolic phase of the cell, in which the cell grows, obtains nutrients and metabolizes them. There are three stages of interphase: G1 (the cell growth), S (replication of DNA, chromosomes are copied) and G2 (preparation for division). Without this phase, genetic material wouldn’t be ready for the process of meiosis  and haploid gametes couldn’t be created.

2. Homologous chromosomes are the similar but not totally identical chromosome pairs that an organism receives from its two parents. During the prophase I of meiosis they pair up: each chromosome aligns with its homologue partner via link-chiasmata ( the two match up at corresponding positions). Those homologue pairs separate during a first stage of cell division (meiosis I-reduction of chromosomes number, from diploid to haploid), while sister chromatids separate during a second stage (meiosis II).

3. Crossing over is a process in which homologous chromosomes trade their parts. Crossing over is process of genetic recombination where DNA is cut and then repaired. Cut and repair of homologous chromosomes allow them to exchange some of their genetic information. As a consequence of crossing over, new arrangement of maternal and paternal alleles on the same chromosome is achieved. It is the way to create varations.

4. During the metaphase I, homologue pairs are lined up comparing to metaphase II where individual chromosomes are lined up. It is because during the meiosis I homologue pairs separate and chromosome number reduce from diploid to haploid. On the other hand, during the meiosis II, sister chromatids separate.

5. Nondisjunction is the consequence of cell division, where there is no properly separation. There are  different forms of nondisjunction:  

• failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis I,  

• failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II.

After nondisjunction, resulting daughter cells are with abnormal chromosome numbers -aneuploidy.


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