Answer:The 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery was the first protest against African-American slavery made by a religious body in the English colonies. Francis Daniel Pastorius authored the petition; he and three other Quakers living in Germantown, Pennsylvania (now part of Philadelphia) signed it on behalf of the Germantown Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends. Clearly a highly controversial document, Friends forwarded it up the hierarchical chain of their administrative structure--monthly, quarterly, and yearly meetings--without either approving or rejecting it. The petition effectively disappeared for 150 years into Philadelphia Yearly Meeting's capacious archives; but upon rediscovery in 1844 by Philadelphia antiquarian Nathan Kite, latter-day abolitionists published it in 1844 in The Friend
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Answer:
He argued that by unleashing competition, free trade was likely to drive down workers' wages
Explanation:
Marx also disputed the argument that free trade facilitated a natural division of labour between countries. The free traders failed to understand that "one country can grow rich at the expense of another
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it's the first black nationalist movement
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Answer:
1. International - 2. Political conflict - 3. The Enlightenment - 4. Social antagonisms - 5. Ineffective ruler - 6. Economic hardship
Explanation:
International: struggle for hegemony and Empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state
- Political conflict: conflict between the Monarchy and the nobility over the “reform” of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy
- The Enlightenment: impulse for reform intensifies political conflicts; reinforces traditional aristocratic constitutionalism, one variant of which was laid out in Montequieu’s Spirit of the Laws; introduces new notions of good government, the most radical being popular sovereignty, as in Rousseau’s Social Contract [1762]; the attack on the regime and privileged class by the Literary Underground of “Grub Street;” the broadening influence of public opinion.
- Social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie
- Ineffective ruler: Louis XVI
- Economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages.
