In photosynthesis, the movement of protons from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen is proton gradient and is coupled to<u> transfer of </u><u>protons</u>.
Protons are transported across the thylakoid membrane and into the lumen through the electron transport chain (the space inside the thylakoid disk). Protons are simultaneously removed from the stroma by reduction of NADPH and added to the lumen via water splitting (the space outside the thylakoids). Protons are pumped from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen as a result of the electron passing through the first link in the electron transport chain. A fourth protein complex in the thylakoid membrane, ATP synthase, then uses the energy stored in this proton gradient to produce ATP. This protein complex, like the mitochondrial enzyme, links proton flow back across the membrane to the creation of ATP.
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Answer: ENERGY AND MATTER MOVE between the land, water, atmosphere, and biosphere — between the four spheres. In addition to natural interactions, human activities, such as the clearing of rain forests, can affect interactions between the spheres.
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Answer:
Run off of animal/plant waste
Explanation:
The run off of animal/plant waste occurs in 3 layers:
upper layer: the terrestrial chamber, the decomposition chamber, and the aquatic chamber.
The terrestrial layer represents the land habitat including plants and insects whereby waste are moved into the
The decomposition layer much like a compost pile where it decomposes and then move into
The aquatic layer much like a mini freshwater habitat for aquatic plants and even small fish, it serves as food sources for them
Answer:
White blood cells (WBCs) are specialized to respond to antigen and produce antibodies as well as undergo phagocytosis in response to toxic stimuli.
WBCs are part of immune system and there are five different kinds with specialized features.
In order to make a cell model, it is best to use a muscle cell and a nerve cell or neuron: there are pronounced structural differences and those are present throughout animal kingdom.
Lower animals ( such as insects, worms etc. ) have different immune system, however, they do have typical neuron and a muscle cell/skin cell (fibroblast). Such cell models are likely to be easy, distinct and bring you good grades without going through much complication and confusions of various organ systems and animal mod
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