The atmosphere transfers heat energy and moisture across the Earth. Incoming solar radiation (insolation) is redistributed from areas in which there is a surplus of heat (the equator) to areas where there is a heat deficit (the North and South Pole). This is achieved through a series of atmospheric cells: the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell and the Polar cell (Figure 2). These operate in a similar way to, and indeed interact with, the ocean conveyor.
For example, as the oceans at low latitudes are heated, water evaporates and is transported poleward as water vapour. This warm air eventually cools and subsides. Changes in temperature and CO2 concentrations can lead to: changes in the size of atmospheric cells (in particular, the Hadley cell is susceptible to these alterations); warming in the troposphere; and disproportionately strong warming in Arctic regions. The strong interactions between ocean and atmospheric dynamics, and the significant feedback mechanisms between them, mean that climate researchers must consider these Earth components as interlinked systems. The necessity to assess ocean-atmospheric changes at the global scale has implications for the way in which research is conducted. It is only by integrating palaeo evidence of past changes, with present day monitoring, and projected models,
Answer:
Marine mining is a process that can be done by dredging the seabed and is used for the extraction of mineral resources from the seabed, which are non-renewable, with a negative impact on marine ecosystems.
Explanation:
The illustration shows a process of marine mining by dredging, where the resource extracted is of a mineral nature, like copper, zinc, silver and gold. Gravel used for construction can also be extracted from the sea. Mineral resources extracted from the sea are not renewable.
The process of marine mining can be harmful to the ecosystems there, so it must be a process that requires control and management from the ecological point of view.
Two possible consequences of not regulating marine mining are:
- <u><em>Destruction of the habitat of life forms present on the sea floor</em></u><em>, which endangers many species and even forces migration to more stable areas, with consequences on the food chains.
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- <em><u>Extinction of marine species that inhabit the seabed</u></em><em>. The flora and fauna of the sea floor usually have slow reproductive cycles and, in the case of fish, spawning takes place on the bottom of the sea. Mining endangers the reproductive cycles of the species, leading to induced extinction.</em>
Responsible and controlled mining activity can be useful for humans, while avoiding negative consequences on the ecosystems that exist at the seabed.
A chemoorganotroph and a chemolithotroph in the same environment would not compete for - carbon
A chemoorganotroph is an organism that gets its energy from oxidation of reduced organic compounds. A chemolithotroph is someone who is able to use inorganic reduced compounds as a source of their energy. This process is accomplished through oxidation and ATP synthesis.
The student who caught the cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus was exposed to the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. Memory B cells of the immune system will protect her from getting the same cold again.
In immunology, a memory B cell (MBC) is a type of B lymphocyte that forms part of the adaptive immune system. These cells develop within germinal centres of the secondary lymphoid organs.
Memory B cells circulate in the blood stream in a quiescent state, sometimes for decades. Their function is to memorize the characteristics of the antigen that activated their parent B cell during initial infection such that if the memory B cell later encounters the same antigen, it triggers an accelerated and robust secondary immune response.
Memory B cells have B cell receptors (BCRs) on their cell membrane, identical to the one on their parent cell, that allow them to recognize antigen and mount a specific antibody response.
Learn more about memory B cell here : brainly.com/question/23423029
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Explanation:
Classification systems function in order to organize a group of organisms into smaller groups according to some kind of logic. For example, the most used classifications system in biology is the phyllogenetic, which classifies living beings according to their evolutive affinity.
In the other hand, a dichotomous key is a "guide" used by biologists when they need to indentify an individual. It is organized in several steps regarding some key characteristics in order to guide you to which species/genus/family your individual belongs to. A dichotomous key never provides any kind of trustworthy phyllogenetic information, and should be understood only as a tool.
