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1. Research History
The history of research dealing with similarities in the fortification architecture of the Hittites and Mycenaeans goes back to the beginning of the 20th century. Several scholars have recognized similarities in the construction of many of thefortifications’ building units and also in the application of different technologies, such as masonry techniques, stone drillingand stone sawing. These similarities are seen as a cultural exchange or technology transfer between these two civilizations.The research history of the above mentioned proves so.
2. Hittite Fortification Architecture
Hittite cities started to be fortified in the Old Hittite period (ca. 1650-1500 BC).
Boazköy (Hattuša, the capital city of the Hittite empire), the first excavated Hittite city, was where the traces of a fortification wall and gates were found. This wasat the beginning of the 20th century. Over time, Hittite fortification walls and city gates were revealed in Alaca Höyük,
They all share the typical characteristics of Hittite fortification architecture. Hittite settlements are builton plateaus, ridges or valleys. The fortification wall follows the natural boundary of the rock. The following paragraphs willintroduce the building techniques and units.
2.1 Building Technique
The building technique of the Hittite fortification wall is very unique. The base of the wall was built of stones and thesuperstructure was made of framework masonry of wood and mudbrick.
Hittite craftsmen were using different masonrystyles for the base of the wall, such as masonry made of rubble stones, ashlar masonry, polygonal masonry and indentedstone masonry.
The stones were finished with stone hammers to get an even surface. These finishings can still be seen todayin the form of little white dots on the stone slabs. On top of the stone base, wooden beams, and on top of these, layersof mudbricks alternating with wooden beams were placed. Afterwards the wall was plastered. On top of the wall was abattlement, which was decorated with pinnacles made of mudbricks
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Hey there!
For one thing, it sure was rebellious.
In this time, the people of the United States (however, that's not what it was called, rather the 13 colonies- we hadn't obtained most of our territory yet) were under the rule of King George II of Great Britain, and he didn't exactly treat the colonists with utmost respect.
Therefore, the colonists rebelled a lot and that eventually led to their
freedom.
Hope this helped!
Answer:
For America's indigenous people, late 19th century Christianity meant forced assimilation and cultural domination. Generations later, Native Americans who chose Christianity were said to have "sold out" to white people. In some circles, they're still considered traitors.
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Answer:
The answer is c
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In antiquity civilizations used their own language and enforced this language on conquered people. Ancient greeks used greek as their official language. The romans, on the other hand, prefered to use greek. The conquered minority groups had to subordinate themselves to the conquering empire, and adopt the official language, since neither the romans not the greeks were willing to learn other languages. (except for a few counter-examples such as Saint Augustine, who knew Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Punic, amongst others)
