Answer:
D. the perceived likelihood that employees' efforts will enable them to attain their performance goals.
Explanation:
Expectancy theory is defined as the statement that the amount of effort an individuals uses will depends on how much of the reward they are expecting to get in return.
The three main components of the expectancy theory of motivations are -- instrumentality, valence and expectancy.
Valence in the expectancy theory is the perception of the employees to work hard or make effort which will enable them to achieve their performance goals.
Hence the correct option is (D).
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The third answer (top to bottom): welfare spending, federal government intervention, organized labor.
Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal found one of its opponents, the Governor Eugene Talmadge. He was governor of Georgia (1932) and was popular with the rural people. He opposed programs calling for greater government spending and economic regulation. His anti-corporate, pro-evangelical and white-supremacist tirades had great appeal.
In Talmadge government, Georgia state subverted some of the early New Deal programs (federal relief programs for example). He wanted the workers to have an incentive to return to private employers. He allied with conservative business interests by <u>opposing government regulation, welfare spending, and the interests of organized labor</u>.
