Im sure it was mainly the idea of humanism. It changed the way people saw education, from knowledge to preparation for life. The humanist idea also bought upon the significance of the human body. Used within paintings and sculptures, a new idea of art was introduced completely
A kiva is a room used by Puebloans for religious rituals and political meetings, many of them associated with the kachina belief system. Among the modern Hopi and most other Pueblo people, kivas are square-walled and underground, and are used for spiritual ceremonies
-From Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiva
How did the Catholic Church defend the selling of indulgences?
They said that you won't go to heaven.