Help me please I don’t know what to do!!!!

Transcription chain elongation is thought to generate ____ supercoils ahead of the transcription bubble and _____ supercoils beh

frosja888 [35]

Answer:

a. positive; negative

Explanation:

Transcription is the process of forming an RNA molecule from a DNA template molecule. In this process, the strands of DNA separate and one serves as a template for RNA, while the other is inactive. At the end of the transcript, the tapes that have been split back together again.

The transcription process is divided into three steps: initiation, stretching and termination

During the stretching phase, transcription chain elongation occurs. In this phase the enzyme called RNA polymerase starts to move through the DNA molecule, unwinding its helix and producing an increasingly lengthened RNA molecule. The already transcribed DNA is rewound almost immediately, recomposing its double helix. This process is called the elongation phase.

During this process, it is believed that positive supercoils are generated ahead of the transcription bubble and and the negative supercoils behind it.

6 0

3 years ago

during a chemical rreaction where starch is broken down into glucose, what will happen if an enzyme is added to the reactant

sergeinik [125]

The enzyme will speed up the rate of the reaction, and there are only specific enzymes to specific substrates

4 0

3 years ago

A, B, C, D and E are pathogens of different diseases for human beings. The route of entry of pathogens in human body is differen

Goryan [66]

Answer:

Microorganisms which causes diseases is known as pathogen.

Explanation:

PATHOGEN -: Pathogens are agents that live in a host and are responsible for causing infections or diseases in that host, such as a human being. Microorganisms such as bacteria , viruses , fungi or protozoa, or other organisms such as parasites, worms and even contagious proteins such as prions, may be pathogens.

Viruses: Viruses are micro-organisms that are composed of nucleic acid and covered by a protein sheet. A lipid (fatty) outer layer is also present in some viruses. Enveloped viruses are called these. Non-enveloped viruses are considered those that do not have this lipid outer layer. Only inside their host's living cells are viruses able to replicate. EXAMPLE -: Influenza (influenza A and B viruses) and the common cold (rhinovirus) are examples of infections caused by viruses.

Bacteria: These are microorganisms which have a nucleus containing DNA surrounded by a cell wall or membrane. Among bacteria, the composition of the cell wall differs. If they are able to access food and nutrients, they have a more complex structure than viruses and can multiply beyond the host. EXAMPLE -: Foodborne diseases can be caused by bacteria such as Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli, while Staphylococcus aureus can cause skin infections.

Fungi: Fungi are single-celled or multicelled species that can live outside a host. They consume food and nutrients created after digestive enzymes have been secreted into their atmosphere. example-:  The foot of the athlete (Trichophyton mentagrophytes) and yeast infections (Candida albicans) are examples of infections caused by fungi.

Prions: These are infectious agents made up entirely of proteins and capable of transferring to other prion proteins their infectious properties. EXAMPLE -: Extreme infectious diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) can be caused by prions.

Protozoa: Protozoa are single-celled organisms that display habits that are similar to animals, such as the ability to travel through water, and are capable of harvesting other microorganisms. They are able to live outside the human host, but when they enter the human host and spread, causing infections and diseases, they may also be parasitic in nature.  EXAMPLE -: Malaria and giardia include common infections

Yes , pathogen enter into the body directly -: Direct contact infections spread when, through direct physical contact with blood or body fluids, disease-causing microorganisms move from the infected person to the healthy person. Touching, kissing, sexual contact, contact with oral secretions, or contact with bodily lesions are examples of direct contact.
INCUBATION PERIOD OF A PATHOGEN -:The period of incubation is the interval between exposure to a pathogenic organism, a drug, or radiation, and when the first signs and symptoms are evident.

5 0

3 years ago

Why is it important to use the mRNA to code for the amino acids?

Fynjy0 [20]

It will all make more sense if you start from the beginning of the sequence with the structure of DNA. You will remember that messenger RNA contains a sequence of bases which, read three at a time, code for the amino acids used to make protein chains. Each of the sets of three bases is known as a codon.

3 0

3 years ago

What is true of all eukarotes?

inysia [295]

Answer: they all have a nucleus

Explanation:

Unlike prokaryotes, the dna is neatly inside the nucleus and not scarttered around, The types of eukaryotes are plant and animal cells

3 0

3 years ago