World War 1.
Many blacks left southern states during WW1 and moved to big northern cities to work in war industries.
More went to New York city than to any other,and after the war there a lot of blacks living in Harlem who were literate and artistic.
True, the Tejas blamed the Spaniards for an outbreak of deadly disease. The Spanish started to colonize there bring diseases over with them, and as Indians gave them land they gave new and unknown elements to the land like the pilgrims did.
Racism and didn't speak the language was different