Direct repair is mutation repair that does NOT involve the removing and repairing of nucleotides
A mutation in biology is an adjustment to the nucleic acid sequence of an organism's, virus's, or extrachromosomal DNA. DNA or RNA can be found in the viral genome. Since mutation results in a new DNA sequence for a particular gene, resulting in a new allele, it is crucial as the initial stage of evolution. Through intragenic recombination, recombination can also produce a new DNA sequence (a new allele) for a particular gene.
DNA proofreading and repair systems often identify mutations and mutation repair. The cell will also go through programmed cell death (apoptosis), which prevents the flawed DNA from being passed on if the damage cannot be repaired. Only when these systems are compromised do mutations take place and are transmitted to daughter cells.
What kind of mutation repair does NOT involve the removing and repairing of nucleotides?
a. mismatch repair
b. base-excision repair
c. direct repair
d. None of the above, because all repair involves the removing of mutated nucleotides.
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In some case, I would say the sea otter would be both a dominant and keystone specie. Sea otters are main predators and most often are at the top or near the top of the food chain (whales and sharks would trump them easily as the top predators), but in this specific situation, the sea otter is a keystone species. A keystone species is an organism that more often than not an ecosystem can not continue without. In this situation, without the sea otter to control the sea urchin population is grew out of control and caused the expulsion of the giant brown kelp and havoc for the spawning fish. Thus, the sea otter is a must.
The formation of platelets from pluripotent stem cells, including the influence of hormones.
Pluripotent stem cells form are the cells that can form all the cells of the body including ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm but not the extra-embryonic structures like placenta.
Platelets are formed by a precursor cell called megakaryocyte which are present in the bone marrow. It is actually present in the kidney in the form of myeloid stem cells which forms the megakaryoblast which transforms into megakaryocytes.
Thousands of plateletes are formed by the megakarocytes. Thrombopoietin is the hormone which regulates plateletes formation.
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In dim light, the iris expands the pupil to allow more light to enter the eye. So, when we come out of a darkroom into the bright sunlight, a large amount of light enters into our eyes and due to glare feeling, we are not able to see the things clearly. Gradually, the iris contracts the pupil to allow less light to enter the eye to see the objects clearly. It take some time for the pupil.For that time interval, person is unable to see the things.
somatic hypermutation occurs only in the <u>V or Variable</u> regions of rearranged heavy and light chains.
Somatic hypermutation occurs only in activated B cells, not T cells. This occurs in germinal establishments inside of lymph nodes and the spleen, where B cells are stimulated and T cells are present. Somatic hypermutation is a procedure in which point mutations pile up at rates 106-fold greater than the background mutation rates observed in other genes in the antibody V-regions of both the light and heavy chains.
Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes is important in antibody-mediated immunity. SHM in B cells serves as the molecular foundation for antibody affinity maturation. In this way, SHM plays an important role in optimizing antibody-dependent immune responses.
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