Plasma is blood minus the corpuscles. Components of plasma include;
Respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
Nutrients (glucose, amino acids and vitamins)
Proteins (such as albumins and other carrier proteins)
Hormones (such as steroid hormones)
Antibodies and clotting factors
Waste products such as urea
See if any of the organisms lived before the others by measuring the age
of their fossils using some means, like radioactive dating.
I think that the skeletal and muscular systems both play part in that.
A neuron enters hyperpolarization when there's an efflux of the potassium ions and the influx of chlorine ions. This moving out of positively charged cations and moving in of negatively charged anions makes the neuron enter a state of negative membrane potential. If a hyperpolarized neuron is stimulated by an oncomming action potential, it fails to get excited. This is because the neuron has its potassium ion channel inactivated by the negative potential. The potassium ion channel can only be activated when the potassium ions slowly leak inside to neuron to make it enter the state of resting membrane potential.
