Long-term potentiation (LTP) is considered a cellular correlate of learning and memory. The presence of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K(+) (GIRK) channels near excitatory synapses on dendritic spines suggests their possible involvement in synaptic plasticity. However, whether activity-dependent regulation of channels affects excitatory synaptic plasticity is unknown. In a companion article we have reported activity-dependent regulation of GIRK channel density in cultured hippocampal neurons that requires activity oF receptors (NMDAR) and protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) and takes place within 15 min. In this study, we performed whole-cell recordings of cultured hippocampal neurons and found that NMDAR activation increases basal GIRK current and GIRK channel activation mediated by adenosine A(1) receptors, but not GABA(B) receptors. Given the similar involvement of NMDARs, adenosine receptors, and PP1 in depotentiation of LTP caused by low-frequency stimulation that immediately follows LTP-inducing high-frequency stimulation, we wondered whether NMDAR-induced increase in GIRK channel surface density and current may contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying this specific depotentiation. Remarkably, GIRK2 null mutation or GIRK channel blockade abolishes depotentiation of LTP, demonstrating that GIRK channels are critical for depotentiation, one form of excitatory synaptic plasticity.
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An example of selective breeding is breeding cattle to produce better meat.
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Theophylline may be defined as a drug used to treat the different respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD. The proper dosage of the drug required for the treatment.
The client is undergoing for the treatment. The serum level can be used to determine the therapeutic levels. The nurse can say that the drug is showing negative or excess effect. The drugs showing some immune reaction due to its high level.
Worms don't have lungs. They breathe through their skin.
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While states have been relatively effective in stopping <u>The depletion of the ozone layer </u> they have been less successful at stopping <u>Global climate change.</u>
Countries all across the globe decided to stop using ozone-diminishing compounds in order to protect the ozone layer from depleting.
The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer in 1985 and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987 formalized this accord.
Ozone shields the Earth from the Sun's damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Life on Earth would be extremely difficult without the Ozone layer in the atmosphere.
Plants and planktons, which provide sustenance for the majority of ocean life, cannot survive and thrive in high UV exposure.
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