Mostly, after WWI, Britain promised them their current stretch of land in the Middle East. While Britain did not deliver, this did give them their claims, and their holdings were secured in WWII and further legitimized in the current war on terror.
They are in the era of the 1800's.
Rising out of the Federalist v. Anti-Federalist debates, it featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the Federalist Party, created largely by Alexander Hamilton, and the rival Democratic-Republican Party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
"c. The city became a central hub for trade, which contributed to the empires growth" best describes the effect of Constantine moving the capital to Constantinople, since it was a thriving metropolis.
