On what did the Mesopotamians and Egyptians base their calendars? *
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Answer:
<h2><u>Effects </u><u>of </u><u>the </u><u>Crusades:</u></h2>=> an increased presence of Christians in the Levant during the Middle Ages.
=> the development of military orders.
=> a polarisation of the East and West based on religious differences.
=> the specific application of religious goals to warfare in the Levant, Iberian peninsula, and Baltic region, in particular.
=> the increased role and prestige of the popes and the Catholic Church in secular affairs.
=> the souring of relations between the West and the Byzantine Empire leading, ultimately, to the latter's destruction.
=> an increase in the power of the royal houses of Europe.
=> a stronger collective cultural identity in Europe.
=> an increase in xenophobia and intolerance between Christians and Muslims, and between Christians and Jews, heretics and pagans.
=> an increase in international trade and exchange of ideas and technology.
=> an increase in the power of such Italian states as Venice, Genoa, and Pisa.
=> the appropriation of many Christian relics to Europe.
=> the use of a religious historical precedent to justify colonialism, warfare and terrorism.