Guilds- (def. an association of people with similar interests or pursuits especially : a medieval association of merchants or craftsmen.)
They don't teach it enough perhaps ?
Believing that truth is what works for actual real people, Harvard psychologist William James developed the philosophy of c) pragmatism. He was equally a trained physician and pragmatism rejects the idea that the function of thought is to describe, represent, or mirror reality.
He wanted to unite the nation
