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arlik [135]
2 years ago
8

What is the difference between websites and web page​

Computers and Technology
1 answer:
gogolik [260]2 years ago
4 0

Answer:

webpage is a single document on internet under a unique URL. Website is a collection of multiple webpages in which information on related topics or subject is linked together.

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One of the earlier applications of crypto-graphic hash functions was the storage of passwords to authenticate usersin computer s
vagabundo [1.1K]

Answer: provided in the explanation part.

Explanation:

This is actually quite long but nevertheless i will make it as basic as possible.

Question (a)  

Attack A:

One way property of hash means that we can't find the input string if given the hash value. The calculation of hash from input string is possible but it is not possible to calculate the input string when given the hash. If the hash function is properly created to have one-way property then there is no way of finding the exact input string. So this attack won't work as the one-way property of hash function can't be broken if the hash function is properly created.

Attack B:

Suppose h() is the hash function. And h(x) = m where x is the string and m is the hash. Then trying to find another string y such that h(y) = m is called finding out the second pre-image of the hash.

Although we can't know the exact initial string for sure, we can by using brute force method find out a second preimage.

This attack will take a very long time. It has the time complexity of 2n. It requires the attacker to have an idea about the kind of passwords that might be used and then brute force all of them to find the string that has the same hash. Each try will have a chance of 1/2n to succeed.

Rainbow attack using rainbow table is often used for such brute-force attack. This comprises a rainbow table which contains passwords and their pre-hashed values.

Therefore, it is not possible to determine the second preimages of h so easily.

Attack C:

Collisions refer to finding out m and m' without knowing any of them. Finding out collisions is easier than finding preimages. This is because after finding out 2n pairs of input/output. The probability of two of them having the same output or hash becomes very high. The disadvantage is that we can't decide which user's hash to break. However, if I do not care about a particular user but want to get as many passwords as possible, then this method is the most feasible.

It has the time complexity of 2n/2.

Hence, this is the attack which has the most success rate in this scenario.

Question (b)

The brute force way of finding out the password usually involves using a rainbow attack. It comprises a rainbow table with millions of passwords and their hashes already computed. By matching that table against the database, the password can be recovered.

Therefore it is often preferred to salt the password. It means we add some random text to the password before calculating the hash.

The salts are usually long strings. Although users usually do not select long passwords, so a rainbow table with hashes of smaller passwords is feasible. But once salt is used, the rainbow table must accommodate for the salt also. This makes it difficult computationally. Although password might be found in the rainbow table. The salt can be anything and thus, make brute-force a LOT more difficult computationally.

Therefore salt is preferred to be added to passwords before computing their hash value.

Question (c)

A hash output length of 80 means there can be exactly 280 different hash values. This means there is at least one collision if 280+1 random strings are hashed because 280 values are used to accommodate all the possible strings. It is not hard with today's computation power to do match against more than this many strings. And doing so increases the probability of exposing a probable password of a user.

Hence, 80 is not a very secure value for the hash length.

cheers i hope this helps!!!!

6 0
3 years ago
In a certain computer program, two positive integers are added together, resulting in an overflow error. Which of the following
Airida [17]

The option that best explains why the error occurs is that The program can only use a fixed number of bits to represent integers; the computed sum is greater than the maximum representable value.

<h3>Can programs represent integers?</h3>

An integer value is known to be often listed out in the source code of a program in a way called a sequence of digits that is said to be optionally prefixed with + or −. Note that some programming languages do use other notations, like hexadecimal.

Computers are known to use a a fixed number of bits to show an integer. The most -used bit-lengths for integers are known to be 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit or 64-bit.

Learn more about errors from

brainly.com/question/11472659

8 0
2 years ago
Why are my images blocked on brainly<br><br> i just see gray and on every avatar and image
o-na [289]

Answer:

they are not its just that people haven't changed their profile picture. i haven't yet lol

Explanation:

5 0
2 years ago
Read 2 more answers
To format a picture to look like a sketch or a painting you can add a(an)
Arisa [49]

Answer:

C(reflection effect)

Explanation:

reflection effect

8 0
2 years ago
Consider the code fragment below (with nested loops). int sum = 0;for (int i = 1; i &lt; 5; i++) for (int j = 1; j &lt;= i; j++)
sammy [17]

Answer:

Option d is the correct answer for the above question.

Explanation:

  • The first loop of the program has a second loop and then the statement. In this scenario, the second loop executes for the value of the first loop and the statement executes for the value of the second loop.
  • The first loop executes 4 times, Then the second loop or inner loop executes n times for the n iteration of the first loop, for example, 1 time for the first iteration of the first loop, 2 times for the second iteration of the first loop and so on.
  • Then the inner loop executes (1+2+3+4) iteration which gives the result 10 iterations.
  • The sum initial value is 0 and the "sum++", increase the value of the sum by 1.
  • So the value of the sum becomes 10 after completing 10 iterations of the inner for loop.
  • Hence the 10 will be the output. So the Option d is the correct answer while the other is not.
3 0
3 years ago
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