Pernicious anemia produces red blood cells that are <u>large</u> and<u> vitamin B12</u> deficiency contributes to pernicious anemia.
Explanation:
When there is a lack of intrinsic factor, secreted in the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa or the stomach lining, vitamin B12 absorption from the stomach is affected.
Vitamin B12 is one of the key factors responsible for normal synthesis and maturation of fully functional red blood cells (RBCs).
The main function of the RBCs is to carry oxygen through hemoglobin to all parts of the body. In order to transport oxygen, the RBCs must be mature with normal shape (concave center and circular shape) and size.
When there is a lack of vitamin B12, the RBCs are not matured and immature, megaloblastic, large, irregularly-shaped red blood cells are formed and circulate in the blood. This also leads to macrocytosis of RBCs.
These cannot function as normal mature blood cells because of the irregular shape and cannot carry hemoglobin to transport oxygen.
The nurse should inject ophthalmic drugs into the lower conjunctival sac of a 6 year old child. The areas where eyedrops are injected are the sclera, upper conjunctival sac, or outer canthus.
The structures surrounding the eyes and acute or chronic eye disorders are treated using eye drops and ointments. As they are supplied directly to their site of action and are consequently more effective than drugs taken orally, they constitute the cornerstone of treatment for eye illness.
Topical eye treatment must be given the same priority as medications that are taken systemically in order for patients to get the most therapeutic benefit.
In order to properly administer topical medications, nurses, patients, and caregivers must have a solid awareness of their therapeutic effects and any potential side effects.
Applying eye drops and ointment is advised:
- At the right moment
- with the right force
- over the right path
- to the right person
- into the right eye
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Answer:
Another problem with William's windmill is the small bike chain that often snaps when the wind blows too hard. William has to go up the tower and fix it, risking injury to his hands from the sharp tractor fan and spinning metal blades
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