According to Wikipedia: "The Twelfth Amendment (Amendment XII) to the United States Constitution provides the procedure for electing the President and Vice President. It replaced the procedure provided in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, by which the Electoral College originally functioned. Problems with the original procedure arose in the elections of 1796 and 1800. The Twelfth Amendment refined the process whereby a President and a Vice President are elected by the Electoral College. The amendment was proposed by the Congress on December 9, 1803, and was ratified by the requisite three-fourths of state legislatures on June 15, 1804."
Pressured out of their homes in the Asian steppes by the Mongols, the Turkish nomadic tribes<span> converted to </span>Islam<span> during the eighth and ninth centuries. By the tenth century, one of the </span>Turkish tribes<span>, the </span>Seljuk<span>, had become a significant power in the </span>Islamic<span> world and had adopted a settled life that included </span>Islamic<span> orthodoxy, a central administration, and </span>taxation<span>. However, many other </span>Turkish groups<span> remained </span>nomadic<span> and, pursuing the </span>gazi<span> tradition, sought to conquer land for </span>Islam<span> and to acquire war booty for themselves. This led them into conflict with the </span>Seljuk<span> Turks, and to pacify the </span>nomadic<span> tribes, the </span>Seljuks<span> directed them to the eastern domain of the </span>Byzantine Empire<span>, </span>Anatolia<span>. The </span>tribe<span> known as the Ottomans arose from one of the smaller </span>emirates<span> established in northwestern </span>Anatolia<span> after 1071. The </span>dynasty<span> was named for </span>Osman<span> (1259-1326), who began to expand his kingdom into the </span>Byzantine Empire<span> in </span>Asia Minor<span>, moving his capital to </span>Bursa<span> in 1326.</span>
