To me, the golden spiral is the proportional basis that makes the most sense. In a landscape painting the views eye is automatically directed to the center of the spiral and can be used by the artist to put their subject in the eye of the viewer.
Lol, take it from a dude whose main username is White Shadow, and loves riddles
The answer is Shadow
It only appears where there is light, but if light has direct contact with it, such as a flashlight beam, it'll fade.
I believe the answer is C.