Both Germany and Italy were not one country - instead they were divided into multiple countries which shared the same culture and language but were not united under the same ruler. For example there was the Kindom of Sardinia, the Papal state, Veneto...
Over the course of 19th century they were both united, this is called the Unification of Italy and the Unification of Germany
I believe the answer is price because a pencil is cheaper than a shirt and the iced coffee
Around 1.216 billion was the last recorded population.
It led China to the verge of collapse.
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