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Sergio039 [100]
3 years ago
12

What is adaptation? What are the two types of adaptation? Give an example each.

Biology
2 answers:
Lena [83]3 years ago
7 0

An adaptation is a trait which increases the relative fitness of an individual. The fitness of an individual has 3 components: 1. Probability of survival to reproductive age. 2. Probability of attracting a mate. 3. Average number of offspring. Any trait which increases the fitness of an individual by positively impacting one of these three aspects is considered an adaptation.

There are 2 types of adaptation: physical and behavioral. These are self-explanatory. Physical adaptations could include things like adaptations to morphology or physiology of an organism. Behavioral adaptations are adaptations to, well . . . behavior :)

il63 [147K]3 years ago
3 0

Answer:

adapting can be learning from your environment and ways to survive etc.

Adapting can also go to sexual reproduction to survive diseases unlike asexual reproduction.

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Describe the probable effects on gene expression in the lac operon of each mutation: a. Mutation in the lac operator that delete
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Answer:

a. Reduces represor binding.

b. Constitutive expression of the operon.

c. Stronger promoter if it is more similar to the consensus sequence. Weaker promoter if less similar.

Explanation:

The lac operon is an operon required for lactose transport and metabolism in enteric bacteria such as <em>Escherichia coli</em>. <u>It is regulated by glucose and lactose availability</u> and consists of the following structural genes:

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  • Gene lac y: encodes the protein galactoside permease involved in the transport of lactose into the bacterium.
  • Lac a gene: encodes the enzyme thiogalactoside transferase, which catalyzes the transfer of the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A to 6-OH of a thiogalactoside acceptor. This gene is not related to lactose metabolism.
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  • Operator: region of DNA located between the promoter and the beginning of the structural genes, which is recognized by the repressor protein Lac I.
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The lac operon is under a type of negative regulation, where genes can always be transcribed, except when the Lac I repressor protein is bound to the operon region, for which it has a high affinity. In this case, the promoter of the lac I gene is constitutive, so the Lac I protein is permanently expressed and remains bound in tetramer form to the operon region, preventing the transcription of structural genes.

Since lactose is the inducer of the operon, it is able to bind to the Lac I repressor protein and generate a conformational change that decreases its affinity for the operon region. Thus, the operon region is left free, <u>RNA polymerase can freely transcribe the structural genes and β-galactosidase can degrade lactose to glucose plus galactose</u>. <u>In the absence of lactose, the Lac I repressor protein maintains its high affinity for the operator region, preventing RNA polymerase from transcribing the structural genes</u>. In this way, the system remains closed with consequent energy savings for the bacterium.

As a final clarification, actually the true inducing molecule of the lac operon is called allolactose, an isomer of lactose obtained by a transglycosylation occasionally carried out by β-galactosidase.

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