Assuming the italicized clause is <em>Since its establishment, </em>the correct answer here is elliptical clause.
Elliptical means that a word which would normally be part of a sentence is excluded, usually for stylistic reasons. Here, the verb is missing, which is why it is elliptical. The question is oddly formulated too - given that there is no verb here, it cannot be a clause, but rather a phrase, but since there is no such option here, then the correct answer is elliptical clause.
An independent clause and a dependent clause.
An independent clause is a clause that can stand alone as a sentence (i.e., it expresses a complete thought). However, a dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is one that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought. Cause it is not a complete thought, it is dependent on being attached to an independent clause to form a sentence. The link between a dependent clause and an independent clause will often be a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun.
C. Sentence <span>(1) Making rice pudding can be very easy. </span>
