The answer is B) A series of actions by the Catholic Church intended to spread and defend the Catholic faith.
The counter-reformation was in response to the Protestant reformation, so the first answer is out of the question. Martin Luthers own actions sparked the Protestant reformation, and as mentioned prior - it was a response to the Protestant reformation (however, during this time they did solidify the power of the pope).
The Compromise of 1877 involved naming Rutherford B. Hayes as president in exchange for the removal of all troops in the southern states after the civil war
because they are isolating themselves from the rest of the world. they wanted to focus on protecting themselves from the north so a takeover from the Mongols would never happen again. thus they stopped making ships and cut themselves off from everyone else.
