Ella Osborn’s 1918 diary provides insight into the experiences of an American nurse serving in
France at the end of World War I. In addition to her notes about the men under her care and
events in France, Osborn jotted down two popular World War I poems, “In Flanders Fields,” by
Canadian surgeon Lt. Col. John D. McCrae, and “The Answer,” by Lt. J. A. Armstrong of
Wisconsin.
McCrae composed “In Flanders Fields” on May 3, 1915, during the Second Battle of Ypres,
Belgium. It was published in Punch magazine on December 8, 1915, and became one of the most
popular and frequently quoted poems about the war. It was used for recruitment, in propaganda
efforts, and to sell war bonds. Today the red poppy of McCrae’s poem has become a symbol for
soldiers who have died in combat.
In Flanders Fields the poppies grow
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place.
“The Answer” is one of many poems written in response to “In Flanders Fields”:
Sleep peacefully, for all is well.
Your flaming torch aloft we bear,
With burning heart an oath we swear
To keep the faith to fight it through
To crush the foe, or sleep with you
In Flanders Field
Osborn’s transcripts of the poems contain some textual differences from the published versions.
Based on the ink used in the diary entries and the ink used in the verses, it appears she went back
in her diary to find empty pages to include the poems.
Transcripts
[The poems as transcribed in Osborn’s diary contain some textual differences from the published versions.]
In Flanders Fields
In Flanders Fields the poppies grow
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place. While in the Sky
The larks still bravely singing, fly
2
World War I poems: “In Flanders Fields” & “The Answer,” 1918
© 2014 The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
www.gilderlehrman.org
Unheard, amid the guns below.
We are the dead, Short days ago
We lived, felt dawns, saw sunsets glow;
Loved and were loved – but now we lie
In Flanders Field
Take up our quarrel with the foe!
To you from falling hands we throw
The torch, Be yours to bear it high!
If ye break faith with us who die
We shall not sleep tho’ poppies blow
In Flanders Field.
The Answer –
In Flanders Field the cannon boom
And fitful flashes light the gloom;
While up above, like Eagles, fly
The fierce destroyers of the sky;
With stains the earth wherein you lie
Is redder than the poppy bloom
In Flanders Field.
Sleep on ye brave! The shrieking shell,
The quaking trench, the startling yell,
The fury of the battle hell
Shall wake you not; for all is well.
Sleep peacefully, for all is well.
Your flaming torch aloft we bear,
With burning heart an oath we swear
To keep the faith to fight it through
To crush the foe, or sleep with
Answer:
Freak and Max are going to the storm drain at the end of the block. ... Max and Freak find a women's purse (Loretta's) in the storm drain. Freak saw Blade and his gang throw it in there (they probably stole it).
Explanation:
A change that does not affect the chemical composition of the object or substance.
Hope this helps!
One of the Egyptian inventions is geometry, since the earliest written evidence of geometry originates in Egypt. Egyptian geometric experts were called "ardenoapti" which used the rope to calculate the land area. Something later influenced and transmitted to Greece.
Although the Egyptian alphabet is not in use today, the idea of phonetic alphabet comes from Egypt. In addition to image symbols, the hieroglyphs, the Egyptians also had 24 phonetic symbols along with hieroglyphs. The Semitic nations in Egypt adopted these symbols and created a phonetic alphabet, and also their influence, these symbols also had on the Phoenicians who created a phonetic alphabet for easier trade.
The Egyptians devised and developed a system of multiplication and division, in a way that is computable, involving doubling numbers, a technique that is used even in modern computing.
The Egyptians did not discover the paper, but their invention was papyrus. This was a huge step, primarily because of easier recording and transmission of recorded data, than it was the case with engraving in stone. Of course this influenced the later invention and the appearance of paper. inspirisani ovim, evropljani su prešli na pergament a u Kini se pojavio papir.
The earliest surgical tools and procedures were in Egypt, there were even tools that looked like tools for removing tumors.
The invention and the production of glass also draw roots from Egypt and from Mesopotamia. The Egyptians have improved glass processing technology. This technology inspired Romans through trade and conquest to also deal with this craft.
