The second one civil service exams.
Answer: Federalism is the system of government in which power is divided between a central government and regional governments; in the United States, both the national government and the state governments possess a large measure of sovereignty.
I assume you mean the Golden Islamic time from 8th to 13th century!
During this time, Islamic scholars were among the world's best. Among others they:
made achievements in maths (which is why algebra and algorithm are arabic words)
worked on scientific experiment as a technique to pursue knowledw
had some advancements in astrophysics (first reference to Andromeda Galaxy!
had a lot of advances in medicine, such as study of blood circulation, and of nervous system
The answer is Manifest Destiny. Although it can be referred to as the Westward Expansion.
