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Irrational numbers are the subset of real numbers that are not at all connected to the rest of numbers.
The subsets of real numbers are natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers and irrational numbers.
Natural numbers are subset of whole numbers, which are subset of integers, which are subset of rational numbers. Hence, all of them are interconnected. The set of irrational numbers is the only subset of real numbers which is not associated with the rest.
For example:-
1 is a natural number, whole number, integer, rational number but not irrational number. On the other hand, is an irrational number but none of the rest.
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Proofs employ logic expressed in mathematical symbols, along with natural language which usually admits some ambiguity. In most mathematical literature, proofs are written in terms of rigorous informal logic.
According to Bleiler-Baxter & Pair [22], for a mathematician, a proof serves to convince or justify that a certain statement is true. But it also helps to increase the understanding of the result and the related concepts. That is why a proof also has the role of explanation.
There are many different ways to go about proving something, we'll discuss 3 methods: direct proof, proof by contradiction, proof by induction. We'll talk about what each of these proofs are, when and how they're used. Before diving in, we'll need to explain some terminology.
Although I will focus on proofs in mathematical education per the topic of the question, first and foremost proofs are so hard because they involve taking a hypothesis and attempting to prove or disprove it by finding a counterexample. There are many such hypotheses that have (had) serious monetary rewards available.
In logic and mathematics, a formal proof or derivation is a finite sequence of sentences (called well-formed formulas in the case of a formal language), each of which is an axiom, an assumption, or follows from the preceding sentences in the sequence by a rule of inference.
All mathematicians in the study considered proofs valuable for students because they offer students new methods, important concepts and exercise in logical reasoning needed in problem solving. The study shows that some mathematicians consider proving and problem solving almost as the same kind of activities.
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