Answer: This isn't really understood, because not all societies formed governments in the sense of western hierarchical systems, and not all governments formed under the same conditions. It is one of those mysteries, which means it was a gradual thing, and not a sudden seasonal change from anarchy to government. The first government accumulated within a group of people who spoke the same language, and there was some pressure on them that required some level of organization for the distribution of resources and labor, so it seems, but even as I write this I know that is far too simple.
For thousands of years it was believed there was a natural hegemony bestowed by divine power, then, there was the American Revolution and the idea of government was turned upside down. Following that was Karl Marx, who suggested that government was a mechanism of oppression to control the means of production and wealth accumulation, but all of the hypotheses built from this idea, which most of modern thinking can find some degree of lineage to, are problematic to be nice, and outright failures at the other extreme.
Quick answer is, there are a thousand answers, none of which have proven to be universal, so they are only partially right.
There is a lot of room for research in this area.
Answer:
Variable interval
Explanation:
In a variable interval, the researcher will not give the reinforcement on a regular schedule.
The purpose of this type of reinforcement is to condition the subjects to adopt a certain behavior even after the reinforcement is taken away in the future.
<u>Example:</u>
Let's say you want to teach your son to put away his toy after he's done playing it.
In order to encourage him, you give him his favorite candy as soon as he's putting away his toy, but you do not give the candy every time he does it. Sometimes you give it, sometimes you don't.
When this happen, your son will start to develop an understanding that there is always a possibility for candy every time he put away his toy.
This will make him more likely to put the toy away and wouldn't sulk even after he does not receive the candy.
Answer:
Bop established the primacy of virtuosic solo improvisation. From the measure of the artistry and virtuosity of the solo improvisers.
Explanation: Bebop was a sort of "underground" jazz movement in its early years. Its developers and practitioners met in the after-hours of New York's jazz clubs, experimenting with new harmonic and melodic idioms during jam sessions that would sometimes last until dawn.
-Focused on improvisation and solo virtuosity in individual solos, not melody, but focused on harmonics.
The emergence of bebop melodies or "heads."
Bop tempos were faster than any jazz had ever been. This was not dancing music, and it was never really intended to be popular. It was jazz for the artists themselves and for the true jazz lovers.
Answer:
Informal communities need the guarantee that they will not be evicted from that space and have access to the policy.
Explanation:
In his book "Shadow Cities", Robert Neuwirth explains how, in the future, communities generated in an improvised manner, in spaces that are not legally considered urbanization, will be the most viable alternative, due to the high costs of private property, high unemployment rate, among others.
He argues that for these communities to be sustainable over time, it is necessary to guarantee that these people will not be evicted from this space, not necessarily with the current concept of private property since many times it has already been inaccessible for that sector of the population . They also need access to the policy, so that they can actively intervene in the improvement of their community, possibility to have access to resources, among others.
