Answer:
4. Microorganism
Explanation:
Wind, Salinity, Soil moisture are abiotic factors, non living things.
Answer: Polyploidy
Explanation:
Polyploidy is defined as the phenomenon by which cells, tissues or organisms with three or more complete sets of chromosomes originate. Such cells, tissues or organisms are called polyploids.
If the genomes of a polyploid species come from the same ancestral species, it is said to be autopolyploid or autoploid. And if they come from two different ancestral species, it is said to be allopolyploid or alloploid. <u>Depending on the number of complete chromosome sets that the species has it is called triploid (3X), tetraploid (4X), pentaploid (5X), hexaploid (6X) and so on, where X is the monoploid number, and not to be confused with the haploid number.
</u>
Redundant genetic elements of polyploid organisms can be transformed into single copies by sub-functionalization, neofunctionalization mechanisms or by the appearance of certain mutations.
<u>Two populations are sympatric when they exist in the same area and thus frequently encounter one another. </u>In general, different species cannot interbreed and produce healthy and fertile offspring due to barriers known as reproductive isolation mechanisms. Polyploidy speciation is common in plants but rare in animals. So, animal species are much less tolerant of changes in ploidy. For example, human embryos that are triploid or tetraploid are not viable, cannot survive.
Answer:
Explanation:
A convergent boundary (also known as a destructive boundary) is an area on Earth where two or more lithospheric plates collide. One plate eventually slides beneath the other, a process known as subduction. The subduction zone can be defined by a plane where many earthquakes occur, called the Wadati–Benioff zone.[1] These collisions happen on scales of millions to tens of millions of years and can lead to volcanism, earthquakes, orogenesis, destruction of lithosphere, and deformation. Convergent boundaries occur between oceanic-oceanic lithosphere, oceanic-continental lithosphere, and continental-continental lithosphere. The geologic features related to convergent boundaries vary depending on crust types.
Plate tectonics is driven by convection cells in the mantle. Convection cells are the result of heat generated by radioactive decay of elements in the mantle escaping to the surface and the return of cool materials from the surface to the mantle.[2] These convection cells bring hot mantle material to the surface along spreading centers creating new crust. As this new crust is pushed away from the spreading center by the formation of newer crust, it cools, thins, and becomes denser. Subduction begins when this dense crust converges with less dense crust. The force of gravity helps drive the subducting slab into the mantle.[3] As the relatively cool subducting slab sinks deeper into the mantle, it is heated, causing hydrous minerals to break down. This releases water into the hotter asthenosphere, which leads to partial melting of asthenosphere and volcanism. Both dehydration and partial melting occurs along the 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) isotherm, generally at depths of 65 to 130 km (40 to 81 mi).[4][5]
Some lithospheric plates consist of both continental and oceanic lithosphere. In some instances, initial convergence with another plate will destroy oceanic lithosphere, leading to convergence of two continental plates. Neither continental plate will subduct. It is likely that the plate may break along the boundary of continental and oceanic crust. Seismic tomography reveals pieces of lithosphere that have broken off during convergence
