Answer:
Option D, Gastric Juices
Explanation:
The second line of defense is a non specific defense mechanism in which no specific individual is targeted but all invaders are killed in general way. Some common mode of second line of defense are - Phagocytic cells (white blood cells), inflammatory responses, macrophage system etc. The second line of defense comes into action when the invader has surpassed the first line of defense which include either physical barrier like skin, mucous membrane, hair, cilia etc. or chemical barriers like gastric juices, saliva, Hyaluronic acid etc.
Hence, gastric juice does not belong to second line of defense.
Thus, option D is correct.
The major difference is that plants use vacuoles to store excess amounts of water, while animal cells do not. A plant standing up straight compared to a plant wilting over is a result of water capacity in the vacuoles
A theory that states that only the organism with traits that are useful to the environment survive. For example, short-neck giraffes would’ve died out years ago as they can’t reach the trees nor eat grass on the ground.
Answer:
The second step in cellular respiration is called the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle uses pyruvic acid to create ATP, along with additional molecules like NADH, FADH2, and CO2. The NADH and FADH2 molecules are used during the final step of cellular respiration, while the CO2 is exhaled
Firstly, the enzyme, DNA Helicase breaks the Hydrogen bonds between a specific region of the DNA molecule and unwinds the duplex DNA molecule at the targeted gene sequence site.
Then, RNA Polymerase binds at the 3` site of the gene sequence of the sense/coding strand(only one strand) that acts as the template for mRNA synthesis. RNA Polymerase then matches free nucleotides by complementary base-pairing(A-U & C=G), working in the 5`to3` direction. Hydrogen bonds then form between the complementary bases, holding the nucleotides in place. Each free adjacent nucleotide is joined at 3` ends by Condensation reactions with the other to form Phosphodiester bonds.
Once the mRNA molecule is formed, it is separated from the synthesis complex and leaves the nucleus through pores in the nuclear envelope to moves towards ribosomes for Translation.
Lastly, the DNA double helix rewinds by forming Hydrogen Bonds.
