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rosijanka [135]
3 years ago
13

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using RNA or protein as genetic material?

Biology
1 answer:
larisa86 [58]3 years ago
7 0

The most important idea is that the genetic material of any organism must be able to accurately replicate itself at least every generation (or for multicellular organisms at each cell division).  

Base pairing (A-T or U and C-G)allows DNA and RNA (eg in polio virus, see Wikipedia page on RNA dependent RNA polymerase) to create a copy of themselves, when the appropriate enzymes are present. Proteins have no way of making a copy of themselves.  

Stability is probably the main reason DNA is the most common genetic material. DNA has no enzymatic activity and was probably selected for to maintain the integrity of the genetic material (rather than having to perform a function for the cell/virus, during which it may be destroyed). The double helix structure also protects its integrity, and proofreading enzymes have also evolved which correct most of the mistakes made at DNA replication. RNA viruses don't have this mechanism- which could be said to be an advantage (as they can rapidly change and therefore avoid their hosts' immune systems), however in non-parasitic organisms most mutations in a gene would lead to a loss of an essential function and the extinction of that genome.  

I don't think either of these reasons are relevant, but I think the main reasons retroviruses convert their RNA to DNA are so they can use the host cell's replication machinery (this was they do not need to encode as many genes), and secondly they need avoid the antiviral mechanisms of the cell, which would destroy any double stranded RNA molecules found (even if the virus was single stranded, dsRNA would have to be produced at replication).  

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In pea plants, long stems are dominant to short stems, purple flowers are dominant to white, and round peas are dominant to wrin
meriva

Assuming the genes are not linked nor interacting with each other, the expected number of long stemmed plants with purple flowers, producing wrinkled peas, L-P-rr, is 288.

<h3>Available data</h3>

  • long stems are dominant to short stems
  • purple flowers are dominant to white,
  • round peas are dominant to wrinkled

  • Each trait is determined by a single, different gene.

  • A heter0zyg0us plant is self-crossed
  • F1) 2,048 descendants

Let us name te alleles as follows

  • L ⇒ Long stem
  • l ⇒ Short stem
  • P ⇒ Purple flowers
  • p ⇒ white flowers
  • R ⇒ Round peas
  • r ⇒ wrinkled peas

Cross) heter0zyg0us plant is self-crossed

Parental) LlPpRr

Gametes) LPR, LPr, LpR, Lpr, lPR, lPr, lpR, lpr

Assuming that these genes are not linked nor interacting with each other, to make the calcs easier we will make crosses considering each gene separately.

  • Stems

Parental) Ll  x  Ll

F1) 1/4 LL, 2/4 Ll, 1/4 ll

     <u>3/4 long stem,</u> 1/4 short stem

  • Flower color

Parental) Pp  x  Pp

F1) 1/4 PP, 2/4 Pp, 1/4 pp

     <u>3/4 purple flowers</u>, 1/4 white flowers

  • Peas

Parental) Rr  x  Rr

F1) 1/4 RR, 2/4 Rr, 1/4 rr

     3/4 round peas, <u>1/4 wrinkled peas</u>

Now, we will get the proportion of individuals with long stems, purple flowers, producing wrinkled peas, L-P-rr

<u><em>Note</em></u><em>: The symbol - is representing either a dominant or a recessive allele.</em>

From the crosses, we know that

  • 3/4 are long stemmed,
  • 3/4 have purple flowers, and
  • 1/4 have wrinkled peas.

To get the proportion of individuals expressing all these traits together, we just need to multiply these values.

3/4 L- x 3/4 P- x 1/4 rr =<u> 9/64 L-P-rr</u>

Knowing that  the total number of plants is 2,048 and that there are 64 possible gametes combinations from this cross, we will use the proportion 9/64 to get the number of plants with these traits.

64 ------------- 2,048 plants

9 -------------- X = (9 x 2048) / 64 = 288 plants.

<em>We expect to find 288 long stemmed plants with purple flowers, producing wrinkled peas.</em>

<em />

<em />

You will learn more about trihybrid crosses at

brainly.com/question/21942441

brainly.com/question/7333760

brainly.com/question/6764853

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What is a way to describe the appearance of a mineral?
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The increased ranges of plant and insect species resulting from climate change has only negative consequences.
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2 years ago
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