Answer:
The simulation only shows how a population can change overtime in response to the changes in the environment. During the industrial revolution, one particular phenotype of moths had an advantage over the other and hence, was subjected to natural selection. What this simulation does not tell us is the causality and correlation aspect of the change that occurs in the moths. Correlation does not equal causation, and the simulation does not shed any light on these variables in this case.
Explanation:
Hope that answers the question, have a great day!
An example of a missense mutation in a protein-encoding gene would most likely be a neutral mutation is option B: replacement of a polar amino acid with another polar amino acid at the protein's surface.
A frequent and well-known example of a missense mutation is the blood condition sickle-cell anemia. Missense mutations exist in the DNA at a single location in sickle-cell anemia patients. A different amino acid is required in this missense mutation, which also alters the overall structure of the protein. Similarly, replacement of a polar amino acid by another polar Ami no acid at the protein's surface is a missense mutation causing change in a single site.
A neutral mutation is one whose fixation is unrelated to natural selection. Therefore, the independence of a mutation's fixation from natural selection can be used to define the selective neutrality of a mutation.
To know more about mutations, refer to the following link:
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Complete question is:
Which example of a missense mutation in a protein-encoding gene would most likely be a neutral mutation?
a) Replacement of a polar amino acid with a nonpolar amino acid at the protein's outer surface
b) Replacement of a polar amino acid with another polar amino acid at the protein's surface
c) Replacement of a polar amino acid with another polar amino acid in the protein's interior
d) Replacement of a polar amino acid with a nonpolar amino acid in the protein's interior
I have attached lac operon model having 4 genes. See attachment for better understanding.
Answer:
The Lac operon is controlled by two signals.
Initiation
Glucose and lactose concentrations control the initiation of transcription of the Lac operon through their effects on the Lac repressor protein and Cap.
Lactose absent (Repression)
When lactose is absent, the Lac repressor binds the Lac operator and shuts off expression of the operon.
Lactose present (Transcription)
Addition of lactose increases the intracellular concentration of a related compound, allolactose. allolactose binds to the Lac repressor, causing it to undergo a conformational change that releases its grip on the operator DNa.
Glucose absent (Repression)
When glucose is absent, cyclic aMp (red triangle) is produced by the cell and Cap binds to DNA.
Glucose present (Transcription)
LacZ, the first gene of the operon, encodes the enzyme b-galactosidase, which breaks down lactose to galactose and glucose.
O relatively large genome, dynamic cytoskeleton, compartmentalized metabolic processes
Explanation:
Eukaryotic cells also contain other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus, and in addition, some cells of plants and algae contain chloroplasts. Unlike unicellular archaea and bacteria, eukaryotes may also be multicellular and include organisms consisting of many cell types forming different kinds of tissue.
DNA is located in the nucleus, the mitochondria and the chloroplasts (occuring only in plants and some protists). The nucleus contains most DNA. It is present in this compartment in the form of linear chromosomes that together constitute the genome.
Eukaryotic cells generally use aerobic respiration – requiring oxygen – to produce usable energy called ATP from glucose molecules. ... Prokaryotic cells, on the other hand, tend to use anaerobic respiration – not requiring oxygen.
