<span>THE STORY OF A NORMAL FOREMAN ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF RAILROAD HAS PAVED A WAY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROSCIENCE. PHINEAS GAGE(1823-1860) WAS WORKING AS FOREMAN ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF RUTLAND AND BURLINGTON RAILROAD IN VERMONT, USA. IN ORDER TO CLEAR THE BLOCKADE, THE WORKERS USUALLY DEPLOY EXPLOSIVE DYNAMITES. ON SEPT 13, 1848, GAGE WAS USING A TAMPING IRON TO COMPACT THE EXPLOSIVE POWDER INTO THE ROCK READY FOR THE BLAST. WHEN THE BLAST HAPPENED, THE IRON ROD PROPELLED GAGE'S SKULL THROUGH HIS LEFT CHEEK BONE AND WAS FOUND 30 YARDS AWAY FROM THE BLAST SITE. GAGE WAS SMEARED WITH BLOOD AND BRAIN WITH AGONIZING PAIN. DESPITE THIS HORRIFIC INCIDENT, GAGE WAS SITTING UPRIGHT IN THE CART AND BEING CONSCIOUS. HE WAS TAKEN BACK TO HIS LODGINGS AND HE WAS ATTENDED BY DOCTOR JOHN HARLOW. HE CAREFULLY EXAMINED AND DIAGNOSED HIM BY CLEANING HIS WOUNDS AND REMOVING THE FRAGMENTS OF THE RESIDUAL IRON PIECES. DESPITE THE DOCTOR'S EFFORTS, GAGE'S WOUND SOON BECAME INFECTED AND HE WENT INTO SEMI-COMATOSE STATE. HIS FAMILY LOST THE HOPE OF HIS SURVIVAL AND EVEN THEY ORDERED A COFFIN FOR HIM. A YEAR LATER HE WAS REVIVED PHYSICALLY WITH GOOD OUTCOME AND RETURNED TO HIS PARENT'S HOME IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. THOUGH GAGE WAS PHYSICALLY HEALTHY, HIS MENTAL CONDITION SOON STARTED TO DETERIORATE. HE SHOWED SIGNS OF UNCONDITIONAL TEMPER, ANGER, RAGE AND BEGAN TO ADOPT ANTISOCIAL SKILLS. IN 1868, DR JOHN HARLOW, WROTE A COMPLETE REPORT STATING THAT PHINEAS GAGE AS A IRREVERENT BEING. HIS ACQUAINTANCES STATED THAT PHINEAS GAGE WAS NO LONGER "GAGE". IT WAS LATER FOUND THAT THE DAMAGE TO GAGE'S FRONTAL CORTEX CAUSED BY THE IRON ROD CAUSED HIM TO LOSE HIS SOCIAL BEHAVIORAL SKILLS OR IN BETTER WORDS LOSS OF SOCIAL INHIBITIONS. HIS LATER LIFE WAS NOT KNOWN MUCH. IT WAS KNOWN THAT HE WORKED AS A COACH DRIVER IN NEW HAMPSHIRE AND IN CHILE. IN 1859, HIS HEALTH STARTED TO DETERIORATE AND RETURNED TO NEW HAMPSHIRE TO LIVE WITH HIS MOTHER. HE DIED IN SAN FRANCISCO, USA ON 1860 DUE TO THE RESULT OF SEIZURES FROM HIS INJURY. HIS BODY WAS EXHUMED AND HIS SKULL WAS GIVEN TO DR JOHN HARLOW ON 1868. THIS INCIDENT GAVE A NEW ERA OF NEUROSCIENCE IN UNDERSTANDING THE FRONTAL CORTEX OF THE SKULL AND IT'S IMPORTANCE.</span>
The first stupa at Boudhanath was built sometime after AD 600, when the Tibetan king, Songtsen Gampo, converted to Buddhism. In terms of grace and purity of line, no other stupa in Nepal comes close to Boudhanath. From its whitewashed dome to its gilded tower painted with the all-seeing eyes of the Buddha, the monument is perfectly proportioned. Join the Tibetan pilgrims on their morning and evening koras (circumambulations) for the best atmosphere.
According to legend, the king constructed the stupa as an act of penance after unwittingly killing his father. The first stupa was wrecked by Mughal invaders in the 14th century, so the current stupa is a more recent construction.
The highly symbolic construction serves in essence as a three-dimensional reminder of the Buddha’s path towards enlightenment. The plinth represents earth, the kumbha (dome) is water, the harmika (square tower) is fire, the spire is air and the umbrella at the top is the void or ether beyond space. The 13 levels of the spire represent the stages that a human being must pass through to achieve nirvana.
Stupas were originally built to house holy relics and some claim that Boudhanath contains the relics of the past Buddha, Kashyapa, while others say it contains a piece of bone from the skeleton of Siddhartha Gautama, the historical Buddha. Around the base of the stupa are 108 small images of the Dhyani Buddha Amitabha (108 is an auspicious number in Tibetan culture) and a ring of prayer wheels, set in groups of four or five into 147 niches.
To reach the upper level of the plinth, look for the gateway at the north end of the stupa, beside a small shrine dedicated to Hariti (Ajima), the goddess of smallpox. The plinth is open from 5am to 6pm (till 7pm in summer), offering a raised viewpoint over the tide of pilgrims surging around the stupa. Note the committed devotees prostrating themselves full-length on the ground in the courtyard on the east side of the stupa.
The two parts of the U.S. congress are the Senate and the House of Representatives. The head of the Senate is the Vice President (but since Vice President has other functions, there is also a leader pro tempore who represents the senate when the Vice President can't. The head of the House of Representatives is its Speaker.
Answer:
b. the U.S. economy could falter, and jobs would decrease anyway
Explanation:
Unemployment cannot be reduced only with restrictive measurements like tariffs and import quotas.
Growth of production is significanlty more effective in the increase of employment in an import industry. Production growth is generally the result of a more competitive economy plus investment. As a consequence, imports will be reduced because products made internally will replace imported ones.
Answer:
Affirmative action programs for under-represented minorities.
Explanation:
Affirmative action is defied as a policy where the race, color, sex, national origin or religion are considered to increase the opportunities provided to an underrepresented section of the society. It supports members of any disadvantage group or minorities who have discriminated in areas of housing, employment and education.
In the context, The University of California took the affirmative actions against the disadvantaged minorities to provide admission to them despite the Federal court decision in California v. Bakke (1978) to prohibit the use of the quota system to get admission in the university.