The first one ::::::::::::::)
some for exploration and others moved here because they were no excepted in there social society
The 18th Century Age of Enlightenment in Scotland is universally acknowledged as a cultural phenomenon of international significance, and philosophy equally
widely regarded as central to it. In point of fact, the expression ‘Scottish Philosophy’ only came into existence in 1875 with a book of that title by James McCosh, and the term ‘Scottish Enlightenment’ made an even later appearance (in 1904). Nevertheless, the two terms serve to identify an astonishing ferment of intellectual activity in 18th century Scotland, and a brilliant array of philosophers and thinkers. Chief among these, after Hutcheson, were George Turnbull, Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson, Hugh Blair, William Robertson and of course, David Hume. Hume apart, all these figures were university teachers who also actively contributed to the intellectual
inquiries of their time. Most of them were also clergymen. This second fact made the Scottish Age of Enlightenment singularly different from its cultural counterparts in France and Germany, where ‘enlightenment’ was almost synonymous with the rejection of religion. By contrast, Hutcheson, Reid, Campbell, Robertson and Blair were highly respected figures in both the academy and the church, combining a commitment to the Christian religion with serious engagement in the newest intellectual inquiries. These inquiries, to which Hume was also major contributor, were all shaped by a single aspiration – a science of human nature. It was the aim of all these thinkers to make advances in the human sciences equivalent to those that had been made in the natural sciences, and to do so by deploying the very same methods, namely the scientific methodology of Francis Bacon and Sir Isaac Newton
1. In 1970, President Nixon ordered a ground attack on Vietcong bases in Cambodia.
<em>Pres. Nixon believed attacking in Cambodia was necessary to forestall communist forces from attacking South Vietnam from that direction. But his decision was unpopular with some senior staff members, who resigned in protest, as well as with the American public, which did not want further escalation of the war. This was seen as essentially an invasion of Cambodia by the US.</em>
2. At My Lai, American soldiers killed hundreds of Vietnamese civilians.
<em>More than 500 civilians were killed by US soldiers in what was essentially a massacre. Women and girls were raped also. It was an instance of soldiers losing control and acting with sheer brutality. The government initially sought to cover up the incident, but the truth came out. It caused further anti-war sentiment at home in the United States.</em>
3. The Pentagaon Papers revealed that American leaders misled Congress and the American people about the war. <span>
<em>Daniel Ellsberg was a military analyst who leaked "The Pentagon Papers" to the American press in 1971, revealing top secret information about US planning and decision-making in regard to the Vietnam War. This also had ties to the Watergate scandal which followed. The "Plumbers" group that perpetrated the Watergate break-ins were formed because of leaks of confidential information like the Pentagon Papers.</em></span><span>
4. The effect of the Vietnam War on the American people: It undermined public trust in American leaders..
</span>
<em>During the Vietnam War, a major </em><em>credibility gap </em><em>became apparent in regard to what the government was telling the American public vs. what was actually taking place. The term "credibility gap" was used already by journalists who questioned the optimistic picture that the Lyndon Johnson administration painted regarding how the war was going, when investigative reporting showed a much more negative reality. The credibility gap grew even larger when the Pentagon Papers were leaked to the press in 1971, showing that the government indeed had been deceiving the public about the plans and conduct of the war over the years.</em>
5. President Nixon’s Vietnamization policy emphasized that the United States must empower South Vietnamese forces to assume more combat duties.
<em>By the time the US was shifting emphasis to this sort of policy, it was too late to stave off the victory of the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces. The US eventually withdrew its forces from Vietnam in 1973, and by 1975, Saigon (in South Vietnam) fell to the North Vietnamese communist forces.</em>.
