Answer:
Cytokines made by other innate cells, such as macrophages or dendritic cells
Explanation:
Innate Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) on Dendritic cells and macrophages sense and respond to PAMPs and produce cytokines. Cytokines start the innate immune response.
The cytokines are produced in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as peptidoglycan monomers or CpG sequences on bacterial and viral genomes. Cytokines produced in response to pathogen receptors on cell surfaces, such as the inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha, chemokines and type I interferons that act on leukocytes so as to promote and control early inflammatory responses.
In order for plants to assimilate nitrogen directly into their system, the nitrogen must be in the form of nitrates. Nitrogen in the air and ammonia from decayed matter in the soil is converted to ammonium by decomposers and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The ammonium is further nitrified to nitrates by nitrifying bacteria. Finally, the nitrates can then absorbed by the plants.
12 841 years is the age in years of a bone in which the 14c/12c ratio is measured to be 2. 65×10−13
The skeleton of the body is made up of bone, which is living tissue. Bone tissue comes in three different varieties, including the following: dense tissue the denser, outer bone tissue.
Hard tissue is a subset of specialized connective tissue and is also known as osseous tissue or bone in the technical sense. Internally, the bone possesses a honeycomb-like matrix that contributes to the bone's stiffness. Long, short, flat, and irregular bones are the four main bone kinds.
Long bones are defined as bones that are longer than they are wide. They are made up of a long shaft and two large extremities. Although they may have a significant quantity of spongy bone at the ends or extremities, they are largely made of compact bone.
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Answer:
The only structure or component that a virus and a cell have in common is Nucleic Acid.
Hope this helps. :-)
the other answer is wrong its d
