Answer: The computer brain is a microprocessor called the central processing unit (CPU).
Explanation:
The CPU is a chip containing millions of tiny transistors. It's the CPU's job to perform the calculations necessary to make the computer work -- the transistors in the CPU manipulate the data.
Answer:
"int result= doubleIt(15);" is the correct answer for the above question
Explanation:
- The function in a c++ programming is used to perform some specific tasks for the user. If a user wants to use any function, Then there is needs to do three things, which are as follows:-
- Firstly, there is needs to give the prototype for any function,
- Then there is a needs to define the function body.
- Then there is needs to call the function
- The function can be called by the help of " data_type variable_name = function_name (argument_list);" syntax in c++.
ICMPv6 is used by IPv6 nodes to report errors encountered in processing packets, and to perform other internet-layer functions, such as diagnostics. An Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) flood attack, also known as a Ping flood attack, is a common Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack in which an attacker attempts to overwhelm a targeted device with ICMP echo-requests.
Explanation:
Issues that are of concern which could be a problem include :
Denial-of-Service Attacks
- ICMPv6 can be used to cause a denial of service (DoS) in a number of ways, including simply sending excessive numbers of ICMPv6 packets to destinations in the site and sending error messages that disrupt established communications by causing sessions to be dropped.
Probing
- A major security consideration is preventing attackers from probing the site to determine the topology and identify hosts that might be vulnerable to attack. Carefully crafted but, often, malformed messages can be used to provoke ICMPv6 responses from hosts thereby informing attackers of potential targets for future attacks. However, the very large address space of IPv6 makes probing a less effective weapon as compared with IPv4 . Redirection Attacks
Redirection Attacks
-
A redirection attack could be used by a malicious sender to perform man-in-the-middle attacks or divert packets either to a malicious monitor or to cause DoS by blackholing the packets. These attacks would normally have to be carried out locally on a link using the Redirect message. Administrators need to decide if the improvement in efficiency from using Redirect messages is worth the risk of malicious use. Factors to consider include the physical security of the link and the complexity of addressing on the link
Renumbering Attacks
-
Spurious Renumbering messages can lead to the disruption of a site. Although Renumbering messages are required to be authenticated with IPsec, so that it is difficult to carry out such attacks in practice, they should not be allowed through a site boundary firewall. On the other hand, a site may employ multiple "layers" of firewalls.
Problems Resulting from ICMPv6 Transparency
-
Because some ICMPv6 error packets need to be passed through a firewall in both directions, malicious users can potentially use these messages to communicate between inside and outside, bypassing administrative inspection.
Packet types or specific circumstances in which ICMPv6 traffic could compromise network security :
Ping sweep — A type of attack that uses ICMP echo request messages to enumerate live hosts on a network.
Ping flood — Utilized to launch a denial of service attack (DoS), where the attacker sends ICMP requests in a rapid succession without waiting for the targeted system to respond.
ICMP tunneling — A method used to establish a covert communication channel between remote systems, most times between a client and a proxy. All communications are sent via ICMP requests and replies
Forged ICMP redirects — The attacker would send a ICMP redirect message, which informs a host of a direct path to a destination, to the victim that contains the IP addresses of the attacker’s system. This allows an attacker to compromise network traffic via a man-in-the-middle attack or cause a DoS.
Answer:
See explaination
Explanation:
Mutation Testing:
Mutation Testing is a type of software testing where we mutate (change) certain statements in the source code and check if the test cases are able to find the errors. It is a type of White Box Testing which is mainly used for Unit Testing. The changes in the mutant program are kept extremely small, so it does not affect the overall objective of the program.
We say a mutant is valid if it is syntactically correct. We say a mutant is useful if, in addition to being valid, its behavior differs from the behavior of the original program for no more than a small subset of program test cases.
VALID MUTANTS
1. if (x < 12 && (r – 3 > 12)) LOR
2. if (x < 12 || (r – 3 < 12)) ROR
3. if (x < 12 || (x – 3 < 12)) IVR
INVALID MUTANTS
1. if (x < 12 ||(r – 3 > 12) UPR
2. if (x < 12 (r – 3 < 12)) MLO
3. (x < 12 || (x – 3 < 12)) CSM
Note:
LOR: LOGICAL OPERATOR REPLACEMENT
ROR: RELATIONAL OPERATOR REPLACEMENT
IVR: INVALID VARIABLE REPLACEMENT
UPR: UNBALENCED PARANTHISIS REPLACEMENT
MLO: MISSING LOGICAL OPERATOR REPLACEMENT
CSM: CONTROL OPERATOR MISSING REPLACEMEN
